{"id":1276,"date":"2026-11-10T16:32:14","date_gmt":"2026-11-10T16:32:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/bologna-torah-scroll\/"},"modified":"2026-11-10T16:32:14","modified_gmt":"2026-11-10T16:32:14","slug":"bologna-torah-scroll","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/bologna-torah-scroll\/","title":{"rendered":"The Bologna Torah Scroll"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna holds a scroll of the Torah, known in the library as Rotolo 2, which is at present regarded as the oldest complete Torah scroll known. For more than a century it was catalogued as a clumsy and incorrect copy of the seventeenth century, and its identity as one of the most celebrated Hebrew books in early modern Europe was forgotten. In 2013 Mauro Perani, professor of Hebrew at the University of Bologna, recognised its antiquity while preparing a new catalogue of the library\u2019s Hebrew manuscripts, and two radiocarbon analyses placed the animal skin on which it is written between 1155 and 1225.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-1\"><a href=\"#note-1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-2\"><a href=\"#note-2\">2<\/a><\/sup> This article describes the scroll, the reasons for its importance, the history of its reception as the \u201cBible of Ezra\u201d in the Dominican convent of Bologna, the confusion by which it lost its identity in the nineteenth century, and the questions about its origin that remain open.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group at-a-glance\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"at-a-glance\">At a glance<\/h3><ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Shelfmark:<\/strong> Rotolo 2, Banc. I.A.Cass. 1.H.2, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna.<\/li><li><strong>Contents:<\/strong> the complete consonantal text of the five books of the Torah, written for liturgical use.<\/li><li><strong>Material:<\/strong> soft sheepskin, about 36 metres long and 64 centimetres high, made of 58 sewn sections carrying 198 columns of usually 48 lines.<\/li><li><strong>Date:<\/strong> between 1155 and 1225 according to two radiocarbon analyses, consistent with the palaeographic assessment.<\/li><li><strong>Origin:<\/strong> uncertain; the scroll has been placed in the East or southern Italy, and more recently in northern Iberia around 1200.<\/li><li><strong>History:<\/strong> given to the Dominican friar Aimerico Giliani in 1304, kept for five centuries in the convent of San Domenico, taken to Paris in the Napoleonic period, returned to Bologna, and misidentified in the nineteenth century.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-rediscovery-of-2013\">The Rediscovery of 2013<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The University of Bologna announced the discovery on 28 May 2013. The university\u2019s report described the document as a scroll of soft sheepskin, thirty-six metres long and sixty-four centimetres high, containing the whole text of the Torah in Hebrew, and stated that it had previously been catalogued as probably dating from the seventeenth century.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-3\"><a href=\"#note-3\">3<\/a><\/sup> The identification was made by Mauro Perani, professor of Hebrew in the Department of Cultural Heritage of the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/University_of_Bologna\">University of Bologna<\/a> at its <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ravenna\">Ravenna<\/a> campus, in the course of compiling a new catalogue of the Hebrew manuscripts of the Biblioteca Universitaria together with Giacomo Corazzol.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-4\"><a href=\"#note-4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-5\"><a href=\"#note-5\">5<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-6\"><a href=\"#note-6\">6<\/a><\/sup> The catalogue was to be published in the third number of the library\u2019s journal <em>inBUB<\/em>, edited by the library\u2019s director Biancastella Antonino with the collaboration of Patrizia Moscatelli, and the university\u2019s report expected it to appear at the end of June 2013.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-7\"><a href=\"#note-7\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perani\u2019s own account of the discovery appeared in the journal <em>TECA<\/em> in September 2013. He emphasised that it would be more correct to speak of a rediscovery, since the scroll had not been found for the first time in a cave or a hidden store but had been kept for centuries in the library\u2019s collections under an erroneous description.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-8\"><a href=\"#note-8\">8<\/a><\/sup> According to Perani, almost all of the thirty-six Hebrew manuscripts now in the library probably came from the archives and libraries of the religious congregations of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Bologna\">Bologna<\/a> that were suppressed by Napoleon in 1797, and in particular from the two convents of San Salvatore and San Domenico.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-9\"><a href=\"#note-9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-10\"><a href=\"#note-10\">10<\/a><\/sup> The provenance of the scroll itself and the date at which it came to Bologna were, in his words of 2013, unknown, and the university\u2019s report likewise stated that it was not known how and when Rotolo 2 had entered the library, though it suggested that this had probably happened before the Napoleonic suppressions.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-11\"><a href=\"#note-11\">11<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-12\"><a href=\"#note-12\">12<\/a><\/sup> As later sections show, Perani\u2019s subsequent research changed this picture considerably.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The rediscovery depended on a plain act of re-examination. When Perani took the scroll in hand to compare it with the description in the earlier catalogue, he saw at once that it was written in a very fine ancient Oriental script and that the nineteenth-century description had to be set aside and rewritten entirely.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-13\"><a href=\"#note-13\">13<\/a><\/sup> He consulted leading specialists in Torah scrolls and Hebrew palaeography, and he reported that there was unanimous agreement on the scroll\u2019s antiquity. The opinions expressed in this discussion ranged between the late eleventh and the thirteenth century, with some extending into the fourteenth. Jordan Penkower and Angelo Piattelli, according to Perani, inclined to a date between the eleventh and the twelfth century, and in any case not later than about 1220\u20131230, one generation after the death of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Maimonides\">Maimonides<\/a> in 1204.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-14\"><a href=\"#note-14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-15\"><a href=\"#note-15\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"scroll-and-codex\">Scroll and Codex<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perani took care to explain what kind of object had been found, because the newspaper reports of 2013 had sometimes described it inaccurately. It is not a Hebrew Bible but only the Torah, the five books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, and it is not a codex but a <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Scroll\">scroll<\/a> of thirty-six metres.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-16\"><a href=\"#note-16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-17\"><a href=\"#note-17\">17<\/a><\/sup> Older Hebrew Bibles and Pentateuchs written in codex form exist, and Perani gave as an example the manuscript of St Petersburg B19A, the <a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/the-leningrad-codex\/\">Leningrad Codex<\/a>, copied in 1008\u20131009.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-18\"><a href=\"#note-18\">18<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-19\"><a href=\"#note-19\">19<\/a><\/sup> The claim made for the Bologna scroll is therefore a precise one. It is the oldest complete <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Torah\">Torah<\/a> scroll for liturgical use known at present.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-20\"><a href=\"#note-20\">20<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-21\"><a href=\"#note-21\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perani described the scroll as the ancient form of the book, which was replaced for most purposes by the codex because a codex can be opened at any point without unrolling and rerolling many metres of skin. In his account the codex entered the Latin world in the first centuries of the common era, while in the Jewish world it was adopted in the seventh and eighth centuries.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-22\"><a href=\"#note-22\">22<\/a><\/sup> Because of the great sanctity attributed to the Torah scroll, however, it remained in the form of a scroll for the liturgical reading in the synagogue, together with the scroll of Esther, even after codices of the Torah began to be copied for study.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-23\"><a href=\"#note-23\">23<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-24\"><a href=\"#note-24\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perani also offered a historical interpretation of this sanctity. In his account, after the destruction of Jerusalem in the year 70 and the failure of the two wars against Rome, Judaism was rebuilt as a religion that could be practised without the Temple and the land, centred on the written and the oral Torah, and the Torah scroll came to be regarded as sacred not only for the text it carried but as an object in itself.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-25\"><a href=\"#note-25\">25<\/a><\/sup> Where previously the five books attributed to Moses had been written on separate scrolls, it now became obligatory to copy all five on a single scroll, which was therefore long and heavy and could no longer be held in the arms during the reading but had to be placed on a reading desk, the <em>bemah<\/em>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-26\"><a href=\"#note-26\">26<\/a><\/sup> This is Perani\u2019s synthesis rather than a matter on which the sources used here offer independent evidence, and it is presented here as his interpretation. He added that the biblical manuscripts found from 1947 in the caves of Qumran include texts of the books of the Torah copied between the second century before and the first century of the common era, but that these are scrolls of individual books rather than Torah scrolls containing all five.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-27\"><a href=\"#note-27\">27<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-28\"><a href=\"#note-28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The liturgical function of the scroll also determines its content. A Torah scroll for synagogue use must contain only the consonantal text, without the points and strokes that indicate vowels and accents, and without the Masoretic notes that accompany the text in codices.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-29\"><a href=\"#note-29\">29<\/a><\/sup> Perani described the Masorah, which in codices is divided into the Masorah parva and the Masorah magna, as a collection of philological observations, references to parallel passages, counts of words and corrections of the reading, which together form a critical apparatus in embryo.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-30\"><a href=\"#note-30\">30<\/a><\/sup> None of this appears in the Bologna scroll, whose value for the history of the text lies in its consonants, its layout and the graphic devices of its scribe. The rules that govern such scrolls are discussed on this site in the article on <a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/halakhot-sofer-stam-scribal-precision\/\">scribal safeguards of the Torah<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-31\"><a href=\"#note-31\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-physical-scroll\">The Physical Scroll<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perani\u2019s description of 2013 gives the material features of the scroll in detail. It is made of sheepskin, 640 millimetres high and thirty-six metres long, composed of fifty-eight sections sewn together. Of these, thirty-seven sections carry three columns, eighteen carry four columns and only three, numbered 15, 54 and 55, carry five columns, giving a total of 198 columns. All the columns have forty-eight lines, with some exceptions of forty-seven.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-32\"><a href=\"#note-32\">32<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-33\"><a href=\"#note-33\">33<\/a><\/sup> The ruling is in drypoint, and the pricking in the outer margins of the sections is often double.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-34\"><a href=\"#note-34\">34<\/a><\/sup> The skin is so soft that Perani compared it to linen cloth.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-35\"><a href=\"#note-35\">35<\/a><\/sup> A caption in his article notes the sewing of two sections of skin with the sinews of a ritually clean animal, as the rules for Torah scrolls require.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-36\"><a href=\"#note-36\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The scroll is complete, but it is no longer attached to its two original wooden rollers. Only one roller survives, the inner one at the end of Deuteronomy, and this is a recent stick without handles.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-37\"><a href=\"#note-37\">37<\/a><\/sup> Perani\u2019s illustrations show other features of the layout, among them the space of four blank lines left between the end of Numbers and the beginning of Deuteronomy.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-38\"><a href=\"#note-38\">38<\/a><\/sup> The script is an elegant calligraphic Oriental square hand, with spacings, ornaments and crowns, the <em>tagin<\/em>, and with letters in curled forms according to the Oriental tradition of the <em>Sefer Tagin<\/em>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-39\"><a href=\"#note-39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The figures given by the university\u2019s report and by Perani agree on the essentials. Both describe a scroll of thirty-six metres by sixty-four centimetres containing the complete Torah.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-40\"><a href=\"#note-40\">40<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-41\"><a href=\"#note-41\">41<\/a><\/sup> Neither source gives the number of skins in terms of animals or the original length of the scroll before any trimming, and nothing more precise on these matters is offered here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-scribal-tradition-of-the-scroll\">The Scribal Tradition of the Scroll<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The importance of the scroll, in Perani\u2019s judgment, lies not only in its age but in the scribal tradition it follows, which makes it what he called a graphic and scribal fossil.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-42\"><a href=\"#note-42\">42<\/a><\/sup> He explained that during the first millennium there were in the East two traditions regarding the copying of the Torah scroll, which he called the north-eastern or Babylonian tradition and the south-western tradition of the rabbinic academies of the Land of Israel. The second of these was canonised from the twelfth century onwards. Some of its elements are found already in the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Mishnah\">Mishnah<\/a>, composed around the year 200, in the Babylonian Talmud and in the extra-canonical tractate <em>Massekhet Soferim<\/em>, the \u201cTractate of the Scribes\u201d, which Perani dated to the seventh or eighth century.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-43\"><a href=\"#note-43\">43<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-44\"><a href=\"#note-44\">44<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Babylonian tradition, according to Perani, followed different ideas about letters varied with curls of various kinds, about the crowns with which certain letters were adorned, and about the conditions of the liturgical validity of the scroll. This tradition crystallised around the eighth century in the <em>Sefer Tagin<\/em>, the \u201cBook of Crowns\u201d, which was known to <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Saadia_Gaon\">Saadia Gaon<\/a>, who cited it in his commentary on the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Sefer_Yetzirah\">Sefer Yetzirah<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-45\"><a href=\"#note-45\">45<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-46\"><a href=\"#note-46\">46<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-47\"><a href=\"#note-47\">47<\/a><\/sup> Maimonides followed the Babylonian tradition in some matters, but in others he settled on the rabbinic tradition of the Land of Israel and gave it authority. In Perani\u2019s formulation, the Bologna scroll does not observe the rules of the Palestinian tradition simply because it follows the Babylonian one.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-48\"><a href=\"#note-48\">48<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perani compared this situation to the history of Hebrew vocalisation. There were at least two systems of pointing, a Palestinian system developed in Tiberias and the other centres of Galilee, with points placed mostly beneath the letters, and a Babylonian system that used signs mostly above the letters. With the acceptance of the Tiberian system, the Babylonian system disappeared.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-49\"><a href=\"#note-49\">49<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-50\"><a href=\"#note-50\">50<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-51\"><a href=\"#note-51\">51<\/a><\/sup> The Babylonian pointing is described more fully on this site in the article on <a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/babylonian-vocalisation-the-eastern-pointing-of-the-hebrew-bible\/\">the Babylonian vocalisation system<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-52\"><a href=\"#note-52\">52<\/a><\/sup> The same process, in Perani\u2019s view, took place in the scribal tradition of the Torah scroll, where the Babylonian practice disappeared from the twelfth century in favour of the Palestinian. The Bologna scroll is therefore at present the oldest witness not only to the complete Torah on a liturgical scroll but also to the Babylonian tradition in the scribal devices used by its copyist.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-53\"><a href=\"#note-53\">53<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several of these devices are described in Perani\u2019s article. The scribe placed graphic filling signs at the ends of lines in order to improve the justification of the left margin of a text written from right to left.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-54\"><a href=\"#note-54\">54<\/a><\/sup> He used the crowns on certain letters against the tradition that was to prevail soon after the scroll was copied. He wrote special letters with curls on <em>nun<\/em>, <em>pe<\/em>, <em>kaf<\/em> and even <em>waw<\/em>, which in Hebrew are called <em>lefufot<\/em> or <em>meluppafot<\/em>, letters bearing a curl within them. He also used an elongated final <em>nun<\/em> placed in the margins beside the spaces marking the beginning of sections, in order to indicate the existence of differing traditions regarding those sections.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-55\"><a href=\"#note-55\">55<\/a><\/sup> The university\u2019s report states the matter more briefly, saying that the scroll displays graphic features that were absolutely prohibited to copyists after the codification of Maimonides.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-56\"><a href=\"#note-56\">56<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The rules to which these statements refer were set out by Maimonides in the treatise on the Torah scroll within his <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Mishneh_Torah\">Mishneh Torah<\/a>, which Perani described as the work in which Maimonides organised the whole body of talmudic religious law.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-57\"><a href=\"#note-57\">57<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-58\"><a href=\"#note-58\">58<\/a><\/sup> Perani wrote that Maimonides contributed to fixing the norms for copying the Torah scroll with this treatise, and the university\u2019s report described him as having fixed definitively the rabbinic regulations for writing the Pentateuch.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-59\"><a href=\"#note-59\">59<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-60\"><a href=\"#note-60\">60<\/a><\/sup> His life and works are surveyed in this site\u2019s article on <a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/maimonides\/\">Maimonides<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-61\"><a href=\"#note-61\">61<\/a><\/sup> For the dating of the scroll the significance of these rules is that a scroll which ignores them is more likely to have been written before they became authoritative, or in a community that did not yet accept them. The latter possibility means that the palaeographic argument alone cannot fix a date, which is why Perani sought scientific confirmation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"ornate-card overflow-hidden mb-8\"><picture class=\"article-figure-picture\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Bologna-Torah-Scroll-radiocarbon-sampling-take-2.jpg\" alt=\"Gloved hands in a laboratory lifting a tiny clipping of parchment with tweezers into a glass vial beside a rolled scroll and a magnifying lamp.\" class=\"article-figure-img wp-image-1274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Bologna-Torah-Scroll-radiocarbon-sampling-take-2.jpg?v=20261101clean 1280w, https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Bologna-Torah-Scroll-radiocarbon-sampling-take-2-300x169.jpg?v=20261101clean 300w, https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Bologna-Torah-Scroll-radiocarbon-sampling-take-2-1024x576.jpg?v=20261101clean 1024w, https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Bologna-Torah-Scroll-radiocarbon-sampling-take-2-768x432.jpg?v=20261101clean 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Illustration: a tiny clipping of parchment is taken for radiocarbon analysis, the method used to date the scroll.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-radiocarbon-dating\">The Radiocarbon Dating<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once he had understood the importance of the scroll, Perani decided to have it tested by <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Radiocarbon_dating\">radiocarbon dating<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-62\"><a href=\"#note-62\">62<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-63\"><a href=\"#note-63\">63<\/a><\/sup> His colleague Giorgio Gruppioni, an anthropologist in the same department at the Ravenna campus, introduced him to the laboratory at <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Lecce\">Lecce<\/a> that he himself used. The analysis was carried out under the direction of Lucio Calcagnile, director of the Centre for Dating and Diagnostics of the Department of Engineering for Innovation of the University of Salento at Lecce, and gave a date between the second half of the twelfth century and the first quarter of the thirteenth, that is, between 1155 and 1225.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-64\"><a href=\"#note-64\">64<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-65\"><a href=\"#note-65\">65<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A second radiocarbon analysis was carried out at the Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory of the Illinois State Geological Survey at the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign\">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign<\/a>, under its director Hong Wang, and it confirmed the dating obtained at Lecce.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-66\"><a href=\"#note-66\">66<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-67\"><a href=\"#note-67\">67<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-68\"><a href=\"#note-68\">68<\/a><\/sup> The university\u2019s report stated that the dating, already clear from graphic, textual and palaeographic examination, was confirmed by both analyses.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-69\"><a href=\"#note-69\">69<\/a><\/sup> Radiocarbon dating measures the age of the organic material, in this case the sheepskin, and not the moment of writing. The sources used here do not discuss the interval between the preparation of the skins and their use, and the range 1155\u20131225 is strictly a date for the skin, which the palaeographic judgment then extends to the writing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The radiocarbon range agrees with the opinions of the palaeographers in placing the scroll before the middle of the thirteenth century, but it is somewhat later than the earliest dates suggested in the discussion Perani reported. Perani himself, in 2013, summarised the result as making the scroll the oldest complete Torah scroll known, and the university\u2019s report presented it in the same way.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-70\"><a href=\"#note-70\">70<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-71\"><a href=\"#note-71\">71<\/a><\/sup> Before this rediscovery, according to Perani, the oldest complete scrolls known included a complete scroll of the end of the thirteenth century in Sephardic square script and Ashkenazi scrolls of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, while there were also fragments, single sheets or sections of skin, from older scrolls copied in the eleventh century or earlier.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-72\"><a href=\"#note-72\">72<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-text-and-the-aleppo-codex\">The Text and the Aleppo Codex<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The textual character of the scroll is a further aspect of its importance. Perani reported that it follows very closely the text documented in the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Aleppo_Codex\">Aleppo Codex<\/a>, both in its wording and in the layout of the two songs of Moses.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-73\"><a href=\"#note-73\">73<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-74\"><a href=\"#note-74\">74<\/a><\/sup> The <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Song_of_the_Sea\">Song of the Sea<\/a> in Exodus 15 and the song <em>Ha\u2019azinu<\/em> in Deuteronomy 32 are laid out exactly as in the Aleppo Codex, and so are the lines that precede each song, five and six lines respectively, and the lines that follow them, five lines in both cases.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-75\"><a href=\"#note-75\">75<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-76\"><a href=\"#note-76\">76<\/a><\/sup> The Brill volume of 2019 states in its description that the Hebrew text is very close to the Aleppo Codex.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-77\"><a href=\"#note-77\">77<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This agreement has a particular value because the Torah section of the Aleppo Codex itself is almost entirely lost. Perani recalled that almost the whole of the Pentateuch of the codex was burned when the codex was damaged in Aleppo in 1947.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-78\"><a href=\"#note-78\">78<\/a><\/sup> The history of the codex is told on this site in the article on <a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/the-aleppo-codex\/\">the Aleppo Codex<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-79\"><a href=\"#note-79\">79<\/a><\/sup> Perani concluded that the Bologna scroll provides another witness of the same textual type and of considerable antiquity, which will allow philologists to collate its variants, both graphic and strictly textual.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-80\"><a href=\"#note-80\">80<\/a><\/sup> The rediscovery thus has a double interest. It preserves an archaic scribal tradition that was later abandoned, and it preserves a text close to the most authoritative Tiberian codex in precisely those books where that codex is now defective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is an apparent tension in this result. The scroll follows the Babylonian scribal tradition in its letter forms and crowns, while its text and the layout of its songs agree with a codex produced in the Tiberian tradition of the Land of Israel. Perani\u2019s article of 2013 reports both findings side by side without discussing how they are related.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-81\"><a href=\"#note-81\">81<\/a><\/sup> It may be observed that the two belong to different levels of the scroll, since the scribal devices concern the form and ornament of the letters, whereas the agreement with the Aleppo Codex concerns the consonantal text and the layout of the songs. The later studies in the Brill volume, which treat the textual and para-textual devices of the scroll and its palaeography and scribal traditions in separate chapters, presumably address this relationship in more detail, but their contents could not be consulted for this article.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-82\"><a href=\"#note-82\">82<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-ezra-scroll-in-the-dominican-convent\">The Ezra Scroll in the Dominican Convent<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most remarkable result of the rediscovery was the recovery of the scroll\u2019s history. In an essay published by the Biblioteca Universitaria, Perani explained that the correct dating made it possible to reconstruct an exchange of two Torah scrolls that had taken place in the library in the nineteenth century, and he set out the stages of the scroll\u2019s history.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-83\"><a href=\"#note-83\">83<\/a><\/sup> In 1304 the Dominican friar Aimerico Giliani of Piacenza was designated Master General of the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Dominican_Order\">Dominican Order<\/a>, an office he held from 1304 to 1311, at a gathering of the order held in <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Provence\">Provence<\/a>. On that occasion he received from some Jews as a gift an ancient Hebrew Torah scroll, different from others, and on returning to Bologna he placed it in the library of the Dominicans.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-84\"><a href=\"#note-84\">84<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-85\"><a href=\"#note-85\">85<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-86\"><a href=\"#note-86\">86<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The scroll was already known for its great antiquity at the beginning of the fourteenth century, because its graphic signs and ornaments differed entirely from those known in more recent Torah scrolls.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-87\"><a href=\"#note-87\">87<\/a><\/sup> Perani reported that Jews of the time exalted its antiquity and even attributed it to <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ezra\">Ezra<\/a> the Scribe, the leader of the return of the exiles from Babylon, who was supposed to have written it with his own hand.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-88\"><a href=\"#note-88\">88<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-89\"><a href=\"#note-89\">89<\/a><\/sup> The Brill volume describes the scroll as having been considered in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance the archetypal autograph written by Ezra.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-90\"><a href=\"#note-90\">90<\/a><\/sup> The tradition of the gift thus connects the scroll\u2019s unusual appearance directly with the reputation it acquired. Its archaic letter forms, which caused Modona to judge it clumsy in the nineteenth century, were in the fourteenth century the very features that made it appear ancient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The scroll remained in the Dominican convent for about five centuries.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-91\"><a href=\"#note-91\">91<\/a><\/sup> In the sixteenth century the naturalist <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ulisse_Aldrovandi\">Ulisse Aldrovandi<\/a> mentioned it in his manuscript <em>Biblologia<\/em> of 1582, where he referred to the \u201cBibbia d\u2019Esdra in S. Domenico di molti pelli insieme cociti\u201d, the Bible of Ezra in San Domenico made of many skins sewn together.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-92\"><a href=\"#note-92\">92<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-93\"><a href=\"#note-93\">93<\/a><\/sup> Perani also stated that the Spanish orientalist Benito Arias Montano, the editor of the polyglot Bible, knew the scroll.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-94\"><a href=\"#note-94\">94<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The fullest early description was given by <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Bernard_de_Montfaucon\">Bernard de Montfaucon<\/a>. In his <em>Diarium italicum<\/em>, printed in Paris in 1702, Montfaucon described his journey in Italy in 1700 and recorded that he had seen at Bologna, in the Dominican convent, the famous roll of the Pentateuch. He reported its great antiquity and the gift made by the Jews to Friar Aimerico, and he copied a Latin inscription that was sewn on the back of the scroll about halfway along and that narrated its history.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-95\"><a href=\"#note-95\">95<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-96\"><a href=\"#note-96\">96<\/a><\/sup> The authenticity of Montfaucon\u2019s copy has been confirmed by Rita De Tata, who found a second manuscript copy of the same inscription in the library of the Dominicans of Bologna, on folio 185r of the chronicle of Ludovico da Pralormo, guardian of the Arca di San Domenico from 1528, about a century and a half before Montfaucon.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-97\"><a href=\"#note-97\">97<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"scholars-and-visitors\">Scholars and Visitors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the eighteenth century the scroll entered the literature of biblical scholarship. The biblical scholar Giuseppe Maria Bianchini repeated Montfaucon\u2019s information in his <em>Evangeliarium quadruplex latinae versionis antiquae seu veteris italicae<\/em>, published in Rome in 1748\u20131749.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-98\"><a href=\"#note-98\">98<\/a><\/sup> Benjamin Kennicott, in his <em>Dissertatio generalis in Vetus Testamentum Hebraicum<\/em>, published at Oxford in 1780, dated the Bologna scroll to the end of the eleventh century, while the Hebraist Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi, a few years later, dated it in his <em>Variae lectiones Veteris Testamenti<\/em> to the beginning of the thirteenth century.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-99\"><a href=\"#note-99\">99<\/a><\/sup> The work of these two collators is discussed in the article on <a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/kennicott-de-rossi-and-the-eighteenth-century-collations-of-hebrew-manuscripts\/\">Kennicott, De Rossi and the eighteenth-century collations of Hebrew manuscripts<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-100\"><a href=\"#note-100\">100<\/a><\/sup> It is notable that De Rossi\u2019s estimate, made more than two centuries before the radiocarbon tests, falls within the range those tests produced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perani wrote that all the most important biblical scholars of Europe knew the scroll, and that the king of France and <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden\">Queen Christina of Sweden<\/a> wished to see the famous Pentateuch of Ezra when they visited Bologna.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-101\"><a href=\"#note-101\">101<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-102\"><a href=\"#note-102\">102<\/a><\/sup> The source does not identify the king of France or give the dates of these visits, and they are therefore left unspecified here. What these notices establish is that for several centuries Christians as well as Jews venerated and visited the scroll. The Brill volume describes it in the same terms, as preserved for centuries among the treasures of the convent of San Domenico and, in the early modern period, an object of reverence and curiosity among Christians.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-103\"><a href=\"#note-103\">103<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-emperor-the-pope-and-leviticus-18\">The Emperor, the Pope and Leviticus 18<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One episode in the scroll\u2019s Christian history is especially striking. In 1530 the emperor <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor\">Charles V<\/a> came to Bologna to be reconciled with <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Pope_Clement_VII\">Pope Clement VII<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-104\"><a href=\"#note-104\">104<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-105\"><a href=\"#note-105\">105<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-106\"><a href=\"#note-106\">106<\/a><\/sup> According to Perani, on that occasion they also discussed the question of the divorce of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Henry_VIII\">Henry VIII<\/a> of England from <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Catherine_of_Aragon\">Catherine of Aragon<\/a>, who had been the wife of Henry\u2019s brother, and of the dispensation for that marriage granted by <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Pope_Julius_II\">Pope Julius II<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-107\"><a href=\"#note-107\">107<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-108\"><a href=\"#note-108\">108<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-109\"><a href=\"#note-109\">109<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-110\"><a href=\"#note-110\">110<\/a><\/sup> Perani wrote that the pope and the emperor wished to go in person to the library of the Dominicans to see what the original exemplar of the Pentateuch said, and in particular the verse that forbids marriage with a brother\u2019s wife, which is found in <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Book_of_Leviticus\">Leviticus<\/a> 18.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-111\"><a href=\"#note-111\">111<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-112\"><a href=\"#note-112\">112<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Rotolo 2 the verses Leviticus 18:16\u201320 have been erased by scraping with a blade, although traces of the letters remain legible.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-113\"><a href=\"#note-113\">113<\/a><\/sup> Perani credited Saverio Campanini with identifying the meeting of pope and emperor in 1530, and he reported Campanini\u2019s explanation as probable: that someone belonging to the party of the pope and opposed to the divorce, which was to lead to the separation of the English church from Rome, erased the five verses containing the prohibition after this episode, almost as a gesture of anger.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-114\"><a href=\"#note-114\">114<\/a><\/sup> Perani himself remarked that, if so, it would have been a very strange way of taking revenge.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-115\"><a href=\"#note-115\">115<\/a><\/sup> The explanation therefore remains a hypothesis. The erasure itself is a physical fact visible in the scroll, while its connection with the meeting of 1530 is an inference from the coincidence of the subject of the erased verses with the question then under discussion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The episode also shows the authority the scroll then possessed. If the account is correct, the pope and the emperor treated a Jewish liturgical scroll in a Dominican library as the original text of the Pentateuch, against which a question of canon law with consequences for the English succession could be tested. Campanini\u2019s chapter in the Brill volume, entitled \u201cThe \u2018Ezra Scroll\u2019 of Bologna: Vicissitudes of an Archetype between Memory and Oblivion\u201d, treats this history at greater length.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-116\"><a href=\"#note-116\">116<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"paris-and-the-return\">Paris and the Return<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The convent\u2019s possession of the scroll ended in the Napoleonic period. When <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Napoleon\">Napoleon<\/a> extended his rule over Italy, the religious orders were suppressed and their manuscripts and printed books were deposited in public institutions, among them the book collections of the convents of San Salvatore and San Domenico, where the scroll had been kept for five centuries.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-117\"><a href=\"#note-117\">117<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-118\"><a href=\"#note-118\">118<\/a><\/sup> The famous scroll, together with many of the Hebrew manuscripts of the Dominicans, was then taken to the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France\">Biblioth\u00e8que nationale<\/a> in Paris.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-119\"><a href=\"#note-119\">119<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-120\"><a href=\"#note-120\">120<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-121\"><a href=\"#note-121\">121<\/a><\/sup> With the restoration that followed the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Congress_of_Vienna\">Congress of Vienna<\/a> in 1815, almost all the manuscripts of the Biblioteca Universitaria returned to Bologna.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-122\"><a href=\"#note-122\">122<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-123\"><a href=\"#note-123\">123<\/a><\/sup> Perani noted in 2013 that many of the manuscripts still bear the stamp of the Paris library on their first or last leaves.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-124\"><a href=\"#note-124\">124<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the Brill volume, the scroll was almost entirely forgotten after its confiscation by the French revolutionary troops.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-125\"><a href=\"#note-125\">125<\/a><\/sup> The scroll returned from Paris complete, but the knowledge of which scroll it was did not survive the following decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-exchange-of-the-two-scrolls\">The Exchange of the Two Scrolls<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Biblioteca Universitaria also possessed a second Torah scroll, which Perani\u2019s library essay describes as a scroll of the sixteenth century lacking almost all of the first three books, Genesis, Exodus and Leviticus. It had been given to the library in the eighteenth century by the Bolognese pope <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Pope_Benedict_XIV\">Benedict XIV<\/a>, Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini (1675\u20131758).<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-126\"><a href=\"#note-126\">126<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-127\"><a href=\"#note-127\">127<\/a><\/sup> Perani\u2019s article of 2013 gives a slightly different date for this second scroll. There he identifies it as Ms. 3569, also called Rotolo 1, and states that Modona dated it to the twelfth or thirteenth century whereas it should in fact be attributed to the fifteenth.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-128\"><a href=\"#note-128\">128<\/a><\/sup> The two accounts therefore differ by a century on the date of the second scroll, and the sources used here do not resolve the difference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the second half of the nineteenth century, after the ancient scroll had returned from Paris, the two scrolls were confused. As a result the ancient scroll, which had gone to Paris, was believed to have returned mutilated and was identified with the incomplete scroll given by Pope Lambertini, while the ancient scroll itself was taken to be a later copy.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-129\"><a href=\"#note-129\">129<\/a><\/sup> The first contribution to this confusion was made in 1872 by Vittore Rav\u00e0, a Bolognese Jew, in his study <em>Gli ebrei in Bologna. Cenni storici<\/em>, published at Vercelli in that year. Rav\u00e0 believed that the Ezra scroll had been taken to Paris in 1797 and returned to Bologna without its first three books, which in his view had been retained by the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale before the scroll was sent back.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-130\"><a href=\"#note-130\">130<\/a><\/sup> He was mistaken, Perani wrote, because the scroll that went to Paris was the complete ancient scroll, and it returned intact.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-131\"><a href=\"#note-131\">131<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seventeen years later, in 1889, Leonello Modona, a Jew of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Cento\">Cento<\/a> who worked as a librarian at the Biblioteca Universitaria, compiled the first concise catalogue of the library\u2019s small collection of some thirty Hebrew manuscripts.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-132\"><a href=\"#note-132\">132<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-133\"><a href=\"#note-133\">133<\/a><\/sup> Perani gave his dates as Cento, near Ferrara, 4 October 1841, to Parma, 13 August 1902, and cited his <em>Catalogo dei codici ebraici della Biblioteca della R. Universit\u00e0 di Bologna<\/em>, published in 1889 in the fourth fascicle of the series of catalogues of Oriental manuscripts in Italian libraries printed at the expense of the Ministry of Public Instruction.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-134\"><a href=\"#note-134\">134<\/a><\/sup> Modona followed Rav\u00e0\u2019s thesis. He gave the scroll donated by Lambertini the shelfmark Rotolo 1 and treated it as the ancient and famous scroll, and he described the other scroll as very poor, gave it the shelfmark Rotolo 2 and dated it to the seventeenth century with a question mark.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-135\"><a href=\"#note-135\">135<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modona\u2019s description of the ancient scroll has been quoted by Perani in full. It describes the script as \u201ccarattere di tipo italiano piuttosto goffo\u201d, a rather clumsy Italian type of script, in which some letters, besides the usual crowns or tips, bear unusual and strange appendages, and it continues: \u201cSec. XVII (?). Contiene l\u2019intero Pentateuco. \u00c8 scorrettissimo e presenta non poche omissioni ed aggiunte in margine della stessa mano dello scriba del testo. Ne \u00e8 ignota la provenienza.\u201d<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-136\"><a href=\"#note-136\">136<\/a><\/sup> In English, the scroll was assigned to the seventeenth century with a question mark, was said to contain the whole Pentateuch, to be extremely incorrect, and to show many omissions and additions in the margin in the hand of the scribe of the text, and its provenance was described as unknown. The features that Modona took as signs of incompetence, the curled letters and unusual crowns, were those that the Babylonian tradition required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perani suggested that the confusion probably arose because the ancient scroll no longer carried the note that Montfaucon had transcribed when it was still sewn on its back. Yet both Rav\u00e0 and Modona knew the <em>Diarium italicum<\/em>, in which the inscription copied by Montfaucon speaks of different crowns and of curled and varied letters, features that to an expert eye would have been enough to show which of the two scrolls had the characteristics of antiquity.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-137\"><a href=\"#note-137\">137<\/a><\/sup> Perani described the exchange as remaining mysterious and incredible until 2013.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-138\"><a href=\"#note-138\">138<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"earlier-notices-and-the-limits-of-nineteenth-century-knowledge\">Earlier Notices and the Limits of Nineteenth-Century Knowledge<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One nineteenth-century scholar had come closer to the truth. While Perani awaited the result of the first radiocarbon test, Giacomo Corazzol, with whom he had divided the work of the catalogue, found that in 1875, before Modona, Abraham Berliner had noticed the Oriental origin of the scroll during a journey of study in Italy. Berliner described it as \u201ceine Thora-Rolle, die aus dem Orient stammt\u201d, a Torah scroll that comes from the East, and noted the resemblance of its script to certain Oriental codices because of the difficulty of distinguishing similar letters such as <em>he<\/em> and <em>\u1e25et<\/em>, but he proposed no date.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-139\"><a href=\"#note-139\">139<\/a><\/sup> His observation was evidently unknown to Modona and referred only to the type of the letters.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-140\"><a href=\"#note-140\">140<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perani also defended his predecessor. He wrote that it was normal for Modona to be disoriented by the features of the scroll, because at the end of the nineteenth century Hebrew palaeography and codicology did not yet exist as sciences, and cataloguers relied on considerable empirical knowledge of manuscripts and scrolls.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-141\"><a href=\"#note-141\">141<\/a><\/sup> These disciplines, he continued, were born in the 1960s through the work of Colette Sirat and Malachi Beit-Ari\u00e9, who led several pioneering projects that laid their scientific foundations.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-142\"><a href=\"#note-142\">142<\/a><\/sup> Modona had certainly seen many Torah scrolls in Cento and perhaps in the synagogue of Ferrara, but his knowledge had been built on scrolls standardised after the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that is, on scrolls of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-143\"><a href=\"#note-143\">143<\/a><\/sup> He could have had little knowledge of Oriental scripts, of which few images circulated in his time.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-144\"><a href=\"#note-144\">144<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perani added that the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Cairo_Geniza\">Cairo Geniza<\/a> was discovered shortly before the publication of Modona\u2019s catalogue, and that it would take several decades before scholarly publications began to study and publish images of leaves of biblical texts and sections of Torah scrolls written in the tenth and eleventh centuries.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-145\"><a href=\"#note-145\">145<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-146\"><a href=\"#note-146\">146<\/a><\/sup> Its contents and history are the subject of this site\u2019s article on <a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/theology-of-the-genizah-ben-ezra-synagogue\/\">the Cairo Genizah<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-147\"><a href=\"#note-147\">147<\/a><\/sup> The materials needed to recognise the Bologna scroll for what it was became available only in the twentieth century, and in this sense the rediscovery of 2013 depended on a century of work on medieval Hebrew manuscripts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-question-of-origin\">The Question of Origin<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The place where the scroll was written is the least settled aspect of its history. In 2013 Perani concluded that it was copied in Oriental script, probably in the East or in southern Italy, with <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Apulia\">Apulia<\/a> suggested with a question mark, by a scribe of Babylonian origin, within the period indicated by the radiocarbon tests.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-148\"><a href=\"#note-148\">148<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-149\"><a href=\"#note-149\">149<\/a><\/sup> His library essay, written after further research, describes the scroll as written in proto-Sephardic square characters of the first centuries of the second millennium.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-150\"><a href=\"#note-150\">150<\/a><\/sup> The Brill volume of 2019 states that the scroll was probably copied in northern <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Iberian_Peninsula\">Iberia<\/a> around 1200, and the title of Perani\u2019s chapter in that volume refers to \u201cthe Ancient Proto-Sephardic Bologna Torah Scroll\u201d.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-151\"><a href=\"#note-151\">151<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-152\"><a href=\"#note-152\">152<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The sources thus record a change of opinion between 2013 and 2019, from an Oriental or southern Italian origin to a northern Iberian one. The evidence for the later view is not set out in the publisher\u2019s description, and the chapters themselves could not be consulted for this article. The question of how a scroll copied in northern Iberia came to be given to a Dominican friar at a gathering in Provence in 1304 is also not answered by the sources used here, though the geographical proximity of the two regions makes such a passage plausible. The attribution to northern Iberia should therefore be regarded as the most recent scholarly opinion rather than as a settled fact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Brill description adds a further element to the scroll\u2019s context. It states that the scroll contains letters with special shapes and crowns that link its production with a Jewish milieu which associated the scribal tradition with mystical and esoteric meanings.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-153\"><a href=\"#note-153\">153<\/a><\/sup> This places the scroll in the world in which the special letter forms of the <em>Sefer Tagin<\/em> were understood as bearers of hidden meaning, a world that in medieval Iberia and Provence was also that of early <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Kabbalah\">Kabbalah<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-154\"><a href=\"#note-154\">154<\/a><\/sup> The sources used here do not make this connection explicitly, and it is offered only as a context in which the Brill description may be read.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-brill-volume-and-related-scrolls\">The Brill Volume and Related Scrolls<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The principal scholarly study of the scroll is the volume edited by Perani, <em>The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/em>, published by Brill in 2019 as the fourth volume of the series European Genizah Texts and Studies.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-155\"><a href=\"#note-155\">155<\/a><\/sup> Its first part, on the history and vicissitudes of the scroll, contains a chapter by Rita De Tata on \u201cThe Many Lives of the \u2018Bible of Esdras\u2019: Proposals for a Long-term Investigation\u201d and Campanini\u2019s chapter on the Ezra scroll. Its further chapters include Perani\u2019s study of the textual and para-textual devices of the scroll, a chapter by Judith Olszowy-Schlanger on \u201cThe Making of the Bologna Scroll: Palaeography and Scribal Traditions\u201d, and a chapter by Jordan S. Penkower on \u201cThe 12th\u201313th Century Torah Scroll in Bologna: How It Differs from Contemporary Scrolls\u201d.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-156\"><a href=\"#note-156\">156<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The volume also places the Bologna scroll among other early Torah scrolls that have come to light in Europe. It contains a chapter by Amedeo Spagnoletto on the Sefer Torah of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Biella\">Biella<\/a>, a chapter by Josef M. Oesch and co-authors on the criteria for dating the Sefer Torah Meran 1, associated with <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Merano\">Merano<\/a>, and its peculiar system of special letters, and a chapter by Justine Isserles and co-authors on a Torah scroll fragment from the parochial archives of Romont in Switzerland.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-157\"><a href=\"#note-157\">157<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-158\"><a href=\"#note-158\">158<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-159\"><a href=\"#note-159\">159<\/a><\/sup> The publisher\u2019s description states that the volume studies the different <em>halakhot<\/em>, or norms for copying a Torah scroll, adopted in pre-Maimonidean scrolls.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-160\"><a href=\"#note-160\">160<\/a><\/sup> The Bologna scroll is therefore not an isolated curiosity but the most complete member of a group of early scrolls whose study is reshaping the understanding of Torah scroll copying before the rules of Maimonides became standard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perani\u2019s library essay lists further studies. These include a booklet published by the Biblioteca Universitaria in 2015 by Biancastella Antonino, Rita De Tata and Perani, with Italian and English texts of De Tata\u2019s brief history of the scroll and Perani\u2019s study of it as the oldest complete Torah scroll, and Perani\u2019s chapter on the codicological, textual and palaeographic features of the scroll in a volume on the Jews in Italy published by Academic Studies Press in 2019.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-161\"><a href=\"#note-161\">161<\/a><\/sup> They also include his long study of the graphic and scribal characteristics of the \u201cRotolo di Esdra\u201d in a volume of studies in honour of Giuliano Tamani published in 2020.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-162\"><a href=\"#note-162\">162<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"ornate-card overflow-hidden mb-8\"><picture class=\"article-figure-picture\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Bologna-Torah-Scroll-street-with-the-two-towers-take-2.jpg\" alt=\"A Bologna street lined with brick porticoes leading towards the city&#x27;s two medieval towers, one of them leaning.\" class=\"article-figure-img wp-image-1275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Bologna-Torah-Scroll-street-with-the-two-towers-take-2.jpg?v=20261101clean 1280w, https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Bologna-Torah-Scroll-street-with-the-two-towers-take-2-300x169.jpg?v=20261101clean 300w, https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Bologna-Torah-Scroll-street-with-the-two-towers-take-2-1024x576.jpg?v=20261101clean 1024w, https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Bologna-Torah-Scroll-street-with-the-two-towers-take-2-768x432.jpg?v=20261101clean 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Illustration: a street of porticoes in Bologna leading towards the city&#8217;s two medieval towers.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bologna-and-the-torah\">Bologna and the Torah<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both Perani and the university\u2019s report connected the rediscovery with an earlier association between Bologna and the Torah. The first printed edition of the Hebrew Pentateuch appeared in Bologna in 1482, from the press of the Jewish printer Yosef ben Avraham Caravita, according to Perani\u2019s article.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-163\"><a href=\"#note-163\">163<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-164\"><a href=\"#note-164\">164<\/a><\/sup> In 1546, according to the university\u2019s report, the members of a Jewish charitable confraternity founded in that year paraphrased the verse of Isaiah 2:3, \u201cFor out of Zion shall go forth the Torah\u201d, in article 50 of their statutes, writing instead \u201cFor out of Bologna shall go forth the Torah\u201d, with reference to the first edition printed in their city sixty-two years earlier.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-165\"><a href=\"#note-165\">165<\/a><\/sup> Perani also recorded that the Jews of Bologna read the name of their city, with a dialect pronunciation, as <em>Bo-lan-Yah<\/em>, which in Hebrew means \u201cin it the Lord dwells\u201d.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-166\"><a href=\"#note-166\">166<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-167\"><a href=\"#note-167\">167<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The university\u2019s report also placed the scroll among the other treasures of the library\u2019s Hebrew collection, among them the celebrated manuscript of the Canon of Avicenna, Ms. 2197, whose miniatures it described as known throughout the world.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-168\"><a href=\"#note-168\">168<\/a><\/sup> It stated that the library\u2019s Hebrew codices, like other rare documents in its collections, came from generous donors such as Ferdinando Marsili, founder of the Istituto delle Scienze, the naturalist Aldrovandi, Pope Benedict XIV and the polyglot Gaspare Mezzofanti.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-169\"><a href=\"#note-169\">169<\/a><\/sup> Rotolo 2 was not one of these gifts, since its route to the library passed through the Dominican convent and the Napoleonic suppressions.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-170\"><a href=\"#note-170\">170<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-significance-of-the-scroll\">The Significance of the Scroll<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Bologna scroll is important for several distinct reasons, and it is helpful to keep them apart. As a material object it is, on present knowledge, the earliest complete liturgical Torah scroll, dated by two independent radiocarbon analyses to 1155\u20131225.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-171\"><a href=\"#note-171\">171<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-172\"><a href=\"#note-172\">172<\/a><\/sup> As a witness to scribal practice it preserves the letter forms, crowns and other devices of a tradition of copying Torah scrolls that later disappeared, and which Perani associated with Babylonia and with the <em>Sefer Tagin<\/em>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-173\"><a href=\"#note-173\">173<\/a><\/sup> As a witness to the text it agrees closely with the Aleppo Codex, including the layout of the songs of Moses, and so supplies evidence for the type of text found in the lost Torah of that codex.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-174\"><a href=\"#note-174\">174<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-175\"><a href=\"#note-175\">175<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The scroll is also important for the history of how Christians in early modern Europe regarded Hebrew books. For five centuries it was kept in a Dominican convent as the Bible of Ezra, noticed by Aldrovandi and Montfaucon, dated by Kennicott and De Rossi, visited by royalty, and, if Campanini\u2019s explanation is correct, consulted by a pope and an emperor on a question of marriage law.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-176\"><a href=\"#note-176\">176<\/a><\/sup> Its later fate, carried to Paris, returned and then confused with another scroll, shows how easily the identity of a famous object can be lost when the documentation attached to it disappears and when its distinguishing features can no longer be read.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-177\"><a href=\"#note-177\">177<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several questions remain open. The place of copying has been placed in the East, southern Italy and northern Iberia by successive studies, and the most recent view rests on arguments that have not been reviewed here.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-178\"><a href=\"#note-178\">178<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-179\"><a href=\"#note-179\">179<\/a><\/sup> The sources differ on the date of the second scroll with which Rotolo 2 was confused.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-180\"><a href=\"#note-180\">180<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-181\"><a href=\"#note-181\">181<\/a><\/sup> The connection between the erasure of Leviticus 18:16\u201320 and the meeting of 1530 remains a hypothesis.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-182\"><a href=\"#note-182\">182<\/a><\/sup> The rediscovery of 2013 has nevertheless transformed the status of the object, from an incorrect seventeenth-century copy to one of the most important Hebrew manuscripts of the twelfth or early thirteenth century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"further-study\">Further Study<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The essential starting point is Perani\u2019s article in <em>TECA<\/em> of 2013, which gives the physical description, the scribal features and the dating, together with the history of the discovery.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-183\"><a href=\"#note-183\">183<\/a><\/sup> The history of the scroll in the Dominican convent and the exchange of the two scrolls are set out in Perani\u2019s essay on the website of the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, which also lists the principal publications.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-184\"><a href=\"#note-184\">184<\/a><\/sup> The fullest treatment is the Brill volume of 2019.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-185\"><a href=\"#note-185\">185<\/a><\/sup> For the Torah scroll as a liturgical object and the rules for its writing, readers may consult the articles on the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Sofer\">sofer<\/a> and on Torah reading, as well as this site\u2019s articles on scribal law and on the Aleppo Codex.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-186\"><a href=\"#note-186\">186<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-187\"><a href=\"#note-187\">187<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-188\"><a href=\"#note-188\">188<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-189\"><a href=\"#note-189\">189<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"notes\">Notes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list post-notes\">\n\n<li id=\"note-1\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-1\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 1\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-2\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-2\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 2\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-3\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-3\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 3\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-4\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-4\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 4\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-5\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/University_of_Bologna\">University of Bologna<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-5\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 5\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-6\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ravenna\">Ravenna<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-6\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 6\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-7\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-7\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 7\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-8\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-8\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 8\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-9\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-9\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 9\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-10\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Bologna\">Bologna<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-10\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 10\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-11\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-11\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 11\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-12\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-12\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 12\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-13\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-13\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 13\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-14\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-14\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 14\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-15\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Maimonides\">Maimonides<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-15\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 15\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-16\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-16\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 16\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-17\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Scroll\">Scroll<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-17\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 17\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-18\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-18\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 18\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-19\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/the-leningrad-codex\/\">The Leningrad Codex<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-19\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 19\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-20\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-20\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 20\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-21\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Torah\">Torah<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-21\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 21\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-22\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-22\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 22\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-23\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-23\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 23\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-24\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Torah_reading\">Torah reading<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-24\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 24\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-25\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-25\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 25\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-26\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-26\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 26\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-27\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-27\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 27\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-28\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Dead_Sea_Scrolls\">Dead Sea Scrolls<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-28\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 28\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-29\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-29\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 29\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-30\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-30\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 30\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-31\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/halakhot-sofer-stam-scribal-precision\/\">The Law of the Quill \u2013 Scribal Safeguards of the Torah<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-31\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 31\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-32\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-32\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 32\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-33\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Sheepskin\">Sheepskin<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-33\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 33\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-34\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-34\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 34\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-35\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-35\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 35\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-36\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-36\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 36\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-37\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-37\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 37\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-38\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-38\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 38\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-39\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-39\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 39\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-40\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-40\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 40\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-41\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-41\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 41\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-42\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-42\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 42\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-43\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-43\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 43\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-44\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Mishnah\">Mishnah<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-44\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 44\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-45\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-45\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 45\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-46\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Saadia_Gaon\">Saadia Gaon<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-46\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 46\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-47\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Sefer_Yetzirah\">Sefer Yetzirah<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-47\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 47\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-48\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-48\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 48\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-49\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-49\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 49\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-50\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Tiberian_vocalization\">Tiberian vocalization<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-50\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 50\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-51\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Babylonian_vocalization\">Babylonian vocalization<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-51\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 51\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-52\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/babylonian-vocalisation-the-eastern-pointing-of-the-hebrew-bible\/\">The Babylonian Vocalisation System<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-52\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 52\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-53\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-53\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 53\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-54\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-54\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 54\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-55\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-55\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 55\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-56\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-56\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 56\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-57\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-57\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 57\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-58\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Mishneh_Torah\">Mishneh Torah<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-58\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 58\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-59\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-59\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 59\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-60\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-60\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 60\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-61\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/maimonides\/\">Maimonides<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-61\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 61\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-62\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-62\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 62\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-63\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Radiocarbon_dating\">Radiocarbon dating<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-63\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 63\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-64\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-64\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 64\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-65\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Lecce\">Lecce<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-65\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 65\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-66\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-66\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 66\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-67\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-67\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 67\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-68\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign\">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-68\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 68\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-69\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-69\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 69\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-70\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-70\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 70\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-71\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-71\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 71\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-72\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-72\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 72\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-73\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-73\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 73\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-74\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Aleppo_Codex\">Aleppo Codex<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-74\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 74\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-75\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-75\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 75\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-76\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Song_of_the_Sea\">Song of the Sea<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-76\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 76\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-77\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-77\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 77\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-78\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-78\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 78\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-79\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/the-aleppo-codex\/\">The Aleppo Codex<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-79\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 79\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-80\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-80\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 80\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-81\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-81\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 81\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-82\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-82\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 82\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-83\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-83\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 83\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-84\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-84\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 84\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-85\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Dominican_Order\">Dominican Order<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-85\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 85\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-86\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Provence\">Provence<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-86\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 86\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-87\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-87\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 87\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-88\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-88\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 88\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-89\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ezra\">Ezra<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-89\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 89\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-90\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-90\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 90\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-91\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-91\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 91\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-92\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-92\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 92\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-93\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ulisse_Aldrovandi\">Ulisse Aldrovandi<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-93\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 93\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-94\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-94\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 94\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-95\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-95\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 95\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-96\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Bernard_de_Montfaucon\">Bernard de Montfaucon<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-96\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 96\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-97\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-97\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 97\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-98\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-98\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 98\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-99\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-99\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 99\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-100\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/kennicott-de-rossi-and-the-eighteenth-century-collations-of-hebrew-manuscripts\/\">Kennicott, De Rossi and the Eighteenth-Century Collations of Hebrew Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-100\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 100\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-101\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-101\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 101\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-102\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden\">Christina, Queen of Sweden<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-102\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 102\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-103\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-103\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 103\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-104\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-104\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 104\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-105\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor\">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-105\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 105\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-106\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Pope_Clement_VII\">Pope Clement VII<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-106\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 106\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-107\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-107\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 107\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-108\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Henry_VIII\">Henry VIII<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-108\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 108\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-109\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Catherine_of_Aragon\">Catherine of Aragon<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-109\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 109\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-110\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Pope_Julius_II\">Pope Julius II<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-110\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 110\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-111\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-111\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 111\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-112\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Book_of_Leviticus\">Book of Leviticus<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-112\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 112\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-113\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-113\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 113\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-114\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-114\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 114\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-115\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-115\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 115\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-116\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-116\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 116\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-117\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-117\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 117\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-118\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Napoleon\">Napoleon<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-118\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 118\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-119\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-119\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 119\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-120\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-120\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 120\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-121\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France\">Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-121\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 121\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-122\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-122\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 122\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-123\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Congress_of_Vienna\">Congress of Vienna<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-123\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 123\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-124\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-124\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 124\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-125\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-125\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 125\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-126\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-126\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 126\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-127\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Pope_Benedict_XIV\">Pope Benedict XIV<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-127\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 127\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-128\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-128\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 128\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-129\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-129\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 129\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-130\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-130\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 130\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-131\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-131\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 131\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-132\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-132\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 132\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-133\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Cento\">Cento<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-133\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 133\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-134\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-134\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 134\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-135\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-135\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 135\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-136\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-136\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 136\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-137\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-137\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 137\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-138\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-138\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 138\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-139\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-139\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 139\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-140\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-140\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 140\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-141\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-141\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 141\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-142\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-142\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 142\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-143\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-143\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 143\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-144\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-144\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 144\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-145\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-145\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 145\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-146\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Cairo_Geniza\">Cairo Geniza<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-146\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 146\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-147\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/theology-of-the-genizah-ben-ezra-synagogue\/\">The Cairo Genizah \u2013 The Sacred Chamber of Ben Ezra<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-147\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 147\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-148\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-148\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 148\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-149\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Apulia\">Apulia<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-149\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 149\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-150\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-150\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 150\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-151\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-151\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 151\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-152\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Iberian_Peninsula\">Iberian Peninsula<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-152\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 152\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-153\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-153\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 153\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-154\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Kabbalah\">Kabbalah<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-154\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 154\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-155\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-155\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 155\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-156\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-156\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 156\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-157\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-157\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 157\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-158\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Biella\">Biella<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-158\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 158\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-159\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Merano\">Merano<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-159\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 159\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-160\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-160\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 160\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-161\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-161\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 161\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-162\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-162\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 162\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-163\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-163\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 163\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-164\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-164\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 164\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-165\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-165\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 165\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-166\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-166\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 166\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-167\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-167\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 167\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-168\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-168\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 168\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-169\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-169\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 169\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-170\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-170\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 170\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-171\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-171\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 171\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-172\">Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/magazine.unibo.it\/it\/articoli\/scoperto_alla_bub_il_piu_antico\">Scoperto alla BUB il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo esistente del Pentateuco ebraico<\/a>\u201d, <em>UniboMagazine<\/em>, 28 May 2013. <a href=\"#ref-172\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 172\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-173\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-173\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 173\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-174\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-174\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 174\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-175\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-175\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 175\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-176\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-176\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 176\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-177\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-177\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 177\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-178\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-178\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 178\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-179\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-179\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 179\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-180\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-180\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 180\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-181\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-181\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 181\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-182\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-182\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 182\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-183\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2240-3604\/14536\">Il pi\u00f9 antico rotolo del Pentateuco ebraico integro: una scoperta alla Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, <em>TECA<\/em> 4 (September 2013), pp. 87\u201397. <a href=\"#ref-183\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 183\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-184\">Mauro Perani, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bub.unibo.it\/it\/bub-digitale\/sefer-torah\/il-sefer-torah-rotolo-2-della-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna-bub\">Il Sefer Torah, Rotolo 2 della Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna<\/a>\u201d, Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, with bibliography. <a href=\"#ref-184\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 184\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-185\">Mauro Perani (ed.), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/55801\">The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna. Features and History<\/a><\/em>, European Genizah Texts and Studies 4 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2019), publisher\u2019s description and table of contents. <a href=\"#ref-185\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 185\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-186\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Sofer\">Sofer<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-186\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 186\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-187\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Torah_reading\">Torah reading<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-187\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 187\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-188\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/halakhot-sofer-stam-scribal-precision\/\">The Law of the Quill \u2013 Scribal Safeguards of the Torah<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-188\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 188\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-189\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/the-aleppo-codex\/\">The Aleppo Codex<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-189\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 189\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n<\/ol>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Catalogued for a century as a clumsy seventeenth-century copy, Rotolo 2 of the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna was recognised in 2013 as the oldest complete Torah scroll known and as the \u201cBible of Ezra\u201d once treasured by the Dominicans of San Domenico.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1464,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[35,946,941,939,942,944,940,947,945,943],"class_list":["post-1276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-scripture-interpretation","tag-aleppo-codex","tag-bernard-de-montfaucon","tag-biblioteca-universitaria-di-bologna","tag-bologna-torah-scroll","tag-mauro-perani","tag-radiocarbon-dating","tag-rotolo-2","tag-san-domenico","tag-sefer-tagin","tag-sefer-torah"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1276"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1464"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}