{"id":1280,"date":"2026-11-10T16:32:19","date_gmt":"2026-11-10T16:32:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/judeo-persian-biblical-manuscripts\/"},"modified":"2026-11-14T01:16:41","modified_gmt":"2026-11-14T01:16:41","slug":"judeo-persian-biblical-manuscripts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/judeo-persian-biblical-manuscripts\/","title":{"rendered":"Judeo-Persian Biblical Manuscripts"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Judeo-Persian\">Judeo-Persian<\/a> is the name commonly given to Persian written in Hebrew characters, and among the earliest and most important texts in it are translations of the Hebrew Bible.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-1\"><a href=\"#note-1\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-2\"><a href=\"#note-2\">2<\/a><\/sup> These translations, which Persian Jews called by the Arabic word <em>tafsir<\/em>, interpretation, were copied in manuscripts from the early centuries of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/New_Persian\">New Persian<\/a> until the nineteenth century, and they are now dispersed among libraries in Jerusalem, New York, Cincinnati, Paris, London, Rome, St Petersburg and Copenhagen.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-3\"><a href=\"#note-3\">3<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-4\"><a href=\"#note-4\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-5\"><a href=\"#note-5\">5<\/a><\/sup> This article surveys the oldest Judeo-Persian documents, the early fragments of biblical commentary, the principal manuscripts of the Pentateuch and the other books, the verse paraphrases of the poet \u0160\u0101hin and their illustrated copies, and the work of the scholars who brought this literature to the attention of the West. It follows chiefly the surveys by Jes P. Asmussen and Amnon Netzer in the <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, together with catalogue descriptions and more recent studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group at-a-glance\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"at-a-glance\">At a glance<\/h3><ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Language:<\/strong> Persian written in Hebrew script, used by Jews in Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia from at least the eighth century.<\/li><li><strong>Earliest documents:<\/strong> three inscriptions from Tang-e Az\u0101o in Afghanistan, dated by Henning to 752\u2013753, and a merchant\u2019s letter of the eighth century from Dand\u0101n Uiliq.<\/li><li><strong>Oldest dated Pentateuch:<\/strong> British Library Or. 5446, copied by Joseph ben Moses in 1319.<\/li><li><strong>First printed text:<\/strong> the Pentateuch translation of Jacob ben Joseph Tavus, printed at Constantinople in 1546.<\/li><li><strong>Verse paraphrases:<\/strong> the poet \u0160\u0101hin rendered the Pentateuch and the books of Esther and Ezra into Persian verse between 1327 and 1359.<\/li><li><strong>Purpose:<\/strong> the biblical translations seem to have served chiefly as aids to understanding the Hebrew text, and their language is notably conservative.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"persian-in-hebrew-letters\">Persian in Hebrew Letters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Netzer\u2019s survey of Judeo-Persian literature begins with the observation that, several hundred years before a Persian Jewish literature emerged, and even before classical Persian literature itself, Persian documents and stone inscriptions were being written in Hebrew script.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-6\"><a href=\"#note-6\">6<\/a><\/sup> These texts are of historical importance for the light they shed on the development of the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Persian_language\">Persian language<\/a>, and in particular on the language spoken by Jews.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-7\"><a href=\"#note-7\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-8\"><a href=\"#note-8\">8<\/a><\/sup> Orit Carmeli describes Judeo-Persian manuscripts as works composed in a Persian dialect close to classical or literary Persian combined with Hebrew and Aramaic words, and states that the practice of writing Persian in Hebrew letters was in use among Jews in Iran, Afghanistan and <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Central_Asia\">Central Asia<\/a> as early as the eighth century and continued in manuscripts until the end of the nineteenth.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-9\"><a href=\"#note-9\">9<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-10\"><a href=\"#note-10\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The subjects covered by this literature are wide. Carmeli lists Hebrew grammar and lexicography, translations of the Bible, rabbinic works, midrashim and religious narratives, texts on philosophy, science, medicine and magic, and historical chronicles, together with transcriptions of classical Persian poetry and original epics on biblical and Jewish themes.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-11\"><a href=\"#note-11\">11<\/a><\/sup> The biblical translations, however, have a special place. Asmussen wrote that they count at the same time among the earliest monuments of New Persian, so that their value extends beyond Jewish studies to the history of the Persian language as a whole.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-12\"><a href=\"#note-12\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The background to this literature lies in the long presence of Jews in Iran. Ilana Tahan, in a description of the British Library\u2019s Judeo-Persian collection, traced the links between Jewish and Persian communities to the period of the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Babylonian_captivity\">Babylonian captivity<\/a>, when the population of Judah was exiled by <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Nebuchadnezzar_II\">Nebuchadnezzar II<\/a> in 597 and 586 BCE, and to the fall of Babylon in 539 BCE to <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Cyrus_the_Great\">Cyrus the Great<\/a>, whose declaration is recounted in the Bible and alluded to in the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Cyrus_Cylinder\">Cyrus Cylinder<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-13\"><a href=\"#note-13\">13<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-14\"><a href=\"#note-14\">14<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-15\"><a href=\"#note-15\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-16\"><a href=\"#note-16\">16<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-17\"><a href=\"#note-17\">17<\/a><\/sup> Those exiles who remained in Babylonian and Persian territory, she wrote, formed the core of permanent Jewish settlements that spread gradually from the Babylonian centres into the cities and regions of Persia.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-18\"><a href=\"#note-18\">18<\/a><\/sup> Asmussen added that long before the earliest Judeo-Persian texts, Middle Persian and other Middle Iranian translations of the Bible, for example in Sogdian, were in circulation, and that already in the time of the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Sasanian_Empire\">Sasanians<\/a>, when both Jews and Christians were persecuted by the Mazdayasnian, that is Zoroastrian, state church, there was a strong need for Iranian versions of biblical texts.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-19\"><a href=\"#note-19\">19<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-20\"><a href=\"#note-20\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-earliest-documents\">The Earliest Documents<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The oldest Judeo-Persian documents are not biblical, but they establish the antiquity of the script and language in which the biblical translations were later written. Asmussen named three inscriptions from Tang-i Azao in central <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Afghanistan\">Afghanistan<\/a> and a private letter of a Jewish merchant from Dand\u0101n Uiliq in Central Asia of the eighth century.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-21\"><a href=\"#note-21\">21<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-22\"><a href=\"#note-22\">22<\/a><\/sup> Netzer gives fuller details. The three stone inscriptions were found in 1952 by Roman Ghirshman and Richard N. Frye at Tang-e Az\u0101o, a gorge in the mountains about 200 kilometres east of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Herat\">Herat<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ghor_Province\">Ghor<\/a> province. They bear the names of the engravers, who recorded their visit to the site.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-23\"><a href=\"#note-23\">23<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-24\"><a href=\"#note-24\">24<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-25\"><a href=\"#note-25\">25<\/a><\/sup> Walter B. Henning, on the basis of an abbreviated date on the tablets, determined the year as 1064 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Seleucid_era\">Seleucid era<\/a>, that is 752\u2013753 CE.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-26\"><a href=\"#note-26\">26<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-27\"><a href=\"#note-27\">27<\/a><\/sup> Asmussen noted that E. L. Rapp proposed a later date of about 1300, so the dating of the inscriptions is not uncontested.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-28\"><a href=\"#note-28\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The merchant\u2019s letter consists of thirty-seven lines and was found in 1896 by an archaeological team led by <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Aurel_Stein\">Aurel Stein<\/a> in the ruins of a Buddhist monastery at Dand\u0101n \u00d6il\u00efq in Khotan, in Chinese Turkestan. It deals with commercial matters and was apparently written in the eighth century.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-29\"><a href=\"#note-29\">29<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-30\"><a href=\"#note-30\">30<\/a><\/sup> Netzer\u2019s date of 1896 for the discovery differs from the date given in Tahan\u2019s description of the British Library\u2019s collection, which describes the letter, now Or 8212\/166, as the eighth-century trade letter found in 1901 in a Buddhist monastery at Dandan-Uiliq, in present-day Xinjiang, and calls it the star item of the collection.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-31\"><a href=\"#note-31\">31<\/a><\/sup> The sources thus differ on the year of the discovery. Netzer wrote that these two oldest texts are the earliest specimens preserved not only of Judeo-Persian but of New Persian generally, and that their language is free of Arabic influence and full of archaic terms.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-32\"><a href=\"#note-32\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Netzer\u2019s chronological list continues with other early documents. A copper tablet found in the nineteenth century at Quilon on the coast of Malabar in southern India, the modern <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Kollam\">Kollam<\/a>, bears the testimony and signatures of four witnesses relating to a gift of money to a Christian church and is believed to date from the ninth century.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-33\"><a href=\"#note-33\">33<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-34\"><a href=\"#note-34\">34<\/a><\/sup> A <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Karaite_Judaism\">Karaite<\/a> document from the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Cairo_Geniza\">Cairo Geniza<\/a> dated 17 Av 1262 of the Seleucid era, 22 July 951, deals with deliberations in a Karaite court, and a court document of 1020\u20131021, probably Karaite, comes from Khorramshahr in Khuzestan.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-35\"><a href=\"#note-35\">35<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-36\"><a href=\"#note-36\">36<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-37\"><a href=\"#note-37\">37<\/a><\/sup> Numerous gravestones found south of the village of J\u0101m in Ghor province, near the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Minaret_of_Jam\">Minaret of Jam<\/a>, bear inscriptions in Judeo-Persian, Hebrew and Aramaic dated from 1012 to 1218. Netzer noted that J\u0101m is thought to be the site of the medieval Ghurid capital Firuzkuh, and that the latest gravestone, of 1218, makes it likely that the Jewish community there was destroyed in the Mongol invasion.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-38\"><a href=\"#note-38\">38<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-39\"><a href=\"#note-39\">39<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"ornate-card overflow-hidden mb-8\"><picture class=\"article-figure-picture\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Judeo-Persian-Biblical-Manuscripts-Geniza-fragments-take-1.jpg\" alt=\"Torn and browned manuscript fragments laid out under glass on a conservation table, with a magnifying glass, tweezers, a brush and a pencil.\" class=\"article-figure-img wp-image-1278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Judeo-Persian-Biblical-Manuscripts-Geniza-fragments-take-1.jpg?v=20261101clean 1280w, https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Judeo-Persian-Biblical-Manuscripts-Geniza-fragments-take-1-300x169.jpg?v=20261101clean 300w, https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Judeo-Persian-Biblical-Manuscripts-Geniza-fragments-take-1-1024x576.jpg?v=20261101clean 1024w, https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Judeo-Persian-Biblical-Manuscripts-Geniza-fragments-take-1-768x432.jpg?v=20261101clean 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Illustration: torn fragments of the kind recovered from the Cairo Geniza, laid out for study under glass.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"fragments-from-the-cairo-geniza\">Fragments from the Cairo Geniza<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The earliest extant Judeo-Persian Bible versions are known from fragments, some in a very bad state of preservation, of manuscripts that reached libraries in Europe and the United States from the Cairo Geniza. Writing in 1989, Asmussen stated that most of these fragments had not yet been published, and that those so far discovered belonged to six different manuscripts, each of different character and structure.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-40\"><a href=\"#note-40\">40<\/a><\/sup> The Geniza is described on this site in the article on <a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/theology-of-the-genizah-ben-ezra-synagogue\/\">the Cairo Genizah<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-41\"><a href=\"#note-41\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asmussen described the six manuscripts in turn. The first, of fifty-four pages, is a literal verse-by-verse translation of portions of Psalms, Proverbs and Ecclesiastes, with the Hebrew and Judeo-Persian texts alternating. The second, of twenty-eight pages, is of Karaite origin and contains portions of Ruth, the Song of Songs, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Daniel and Nehemiah. It does not translate the whole text but selects passages that require comment, especially on linguistic difficulties.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-42\"><a href=\"#note-42\">42<\/a><\/sup> The third, of eight pages, is an expanded commentary on Genesis 32\u201337 in the style of a midrash. The fourth, of twelve pages, is also Karaite and comments on difficult words and some historical matters in Isaiah, Daniel and Esther. The fifth, of four pages, comments on selected verses of Ruth, and the sixth, also of four pages, is a detailed translation and commentary on Ezekiel which forms a variant of the important early Judeo-Persian commentary on Ezekiel preserved in St Petersburg, Firkowicz II 1682.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-43\"><a href=\"#note-43\">43<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asmussen judged that all this material probably belongs to the period before the Mongol conquest and contains valuable linguistic information, besides giving an idea of the literary production of the Jews of Iran in that period.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-44\"><a href=\"#note-44\">44<\/a><\/sup> Netzer\u2019s survey adds that the Geniza material, preserved in Cambridge, Oxford, Manchester, London, New York and Jerusalem, includes personal letters, court decrees, commentaries on Genesis, Isaiah, Psalms, Proverbs, the Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Daniel and Nehemiah, discussions of Karaite religious law, medical works, works on Hebrew grammar and poems.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-45\"><a href=\"#note-45\">45<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-early-manuscripts-in-london-and-st-petersburg\">The Early Manuscripts in London and St Petersburg<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More recent research has reassessed some of the early manuscripts in London. Tahan reported in 2018 that a researcher who had studied a number of the British Library\u2019s Judeo-Persian manuscripts had shown that the biblical commentaries in Or 2459 and Or 2460 date from the eleventh to twelfth century, some four hundred years earlier than the date given in George Margoliouth\u2019s catalogue, which made them the second earliest Judeo-Persian manuscripts in the Library.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-46\"><a href=\"#note-46\">46<\/a><\/sup> The leaf she illustrated from Or 2459 carries a Judeo-Persian introduction to a commentary on Proverbs.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-47\"><a href=\"#note-47\">47<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ofir Haim, in an article of 2021, studied a corpus of nine manuscripts in Early Judeo-Persian preserved in the British Library and in the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/National_Library_of_Russia\">National Library of Russia<\/a>, which contain exegetical works copied by the same group of scribes during the eleventh and twelfth centuries.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-48\"><a href=\"#note-48\">48<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-49\"><a href=\"#note-49\">49<\/a><\/sup> According to the abstract, Haim sought to show that these manuscripts were also composed in the same intellectual milieu, possibly Karaite, and not merely copied by the same scribes. His criteria were similar explanations of the same biblical passages and the use of Karaite Hebrew terminology, and the examination also revealed an affinity with the works of the tenth-century Karaite scholar Yefet ben \u02bfEli, which suggests either reliance on Karaite exegetical works written in Judeo-Arabic or a shared background.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-50\"><a href=\"#note-50\">50<\/a><\/sup> The article lists among its sources the London manuscripts Or. 2459\u20132460, 2549, 2554 and 5062 and several manuscripts in St Petersburg.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-51\"><a href=\"#note-51\">51<\/a><\/sup> Only the abstract and reference list of this article were consulted here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Judeo-Persian commentary on Ezekiel in St Petersburg is among the oldest of these texts. Netzer described it as one of the oldest manuscripts in the St Petersburg library, noted that Carl Salemann described it in 1900 and published its fifth chapter, and that Thamar E. Gindin has studied it more recently. It is considered a significant source for Iranian philology, partly because of its archaic vocabulary.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-52\"><a href=\"#note-52\">52<\/a><\/sup> Asmussen cited it for one of the most striking conservative features of biblical Judeo-Persian, the passive formed with <em>-ih-<\/em>, as in <em>g\u016byihad<\/em>, \u201cis said\u201d, which survives in many dialects but was lost early in standard New Persian.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-53\"><a href=\"#note-53\">53<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A further early manuscript in London shows the range of this literature. Or 8659, which Asmussen dated to the tenth century or earlier and cited for its quotations from Joshua, is described by Tahan as containing a theological and apologetic section of a <em>Sefer ha-mitsvot<\/em>, a book of commandments, largely concerned with circumcision. Despite its brevity of ten leaves, she regarded it as a very early specimen of Karaite apologetic literature in Judeo-Persian.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-54\"><a href=\"#note-54\">54<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-55\"><a href=\"#note-55\">55<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-pentateuch-of-tavus-and-the-london-polyglot\">The Pentateuch of Tavus and the London Polyglot<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Western interest in Judeo-Persian Bible translations began in the seventeenth century with a printed text. Netzer wrote that the first Pentateuch tafsir to become known in the West was that of Ya\u02bfqov ben Yosef \u1e6c\u0101vus, a learned Persian Jew who taught at the Jewish academy in Istanbul. It appeared at <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Constantinople\">Constantinople<\/a> in 1546 in the polyglot Pentateuch printed by El\u02bfazar ben Gershon Soncino, together with the Hebrew text, the Aramaic <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Targum_Onkelos\">Targum Onkelos<\/a> and the Judeo-Arabic translation of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Saadia_Gaon\">Saadia Gaon<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-56\"><a href=\"#note-56\">56<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-57\"><a href=\"#note-57\">57<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-58\"><a href=\"#note-58\">58<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-59\"><a href=\"#note-59\">59<\/a><\/sup> The Soncino printers are the subject of the article on <a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/the-soncino-family\/\">the Soncino dynasty<\/a>, and the Aramaic version of the article on <a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/targum-onkelos-and-the-birth-of-aramaic-scripture\/\">Targum Onkelos<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-60\"><a href=\"#note-60\">60<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-61\"><a href=\"#note-61\">61<\/a><\/sup> Tahan described the British Library\u2019s copy of this edition, the <em>Torat Adonai<\/em>, as beautifully crafted, and stated that it was the first printed Persian text of any kind as well as the first Judeo-Persian translation of the Pentateuch to become known in the West.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-62\"><a href=\"#note-62\">62<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Tavus translation reached a wider audience through Christian scholarship. Thomas Hyde transcribed it from Hebrew into Persian characters and translated it into Latin, and in this form it was printed in the fourth volume of the London Polyglot edited by Brian Walton in 1657.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-63\"><a href=\"#note-63\">63<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-64\"><a href=\"#note-64\">64<\/a><\/sup> The polyglot is discussed on this site in the article on <a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/the-antwerp-paris-and-london-polyglots\/\">the Antwerp, Paris and London polyglots<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-65\"><a href=\"#note-65\">65<\/a><\/sup> Asmussen recorded that the Persian vocabulary of the text was included in Edmund Castell\u2019s <em>Lexicon Heptaglotton<\/em> of 1669 and was used by Vullers in his <em>Lexicon Persico-Latinum<\/em> of 1855\u20131864, and that Alexander Kohut made it the subject of a detailed analysis in 1871 which did not receive the recognition it deserved.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-66\"><a href=\"#note-66\">66<\/a><\/sup> Netzer added that Hyde\u2019s printing of the tafsir aroused interest in Judeo-Persian language and literature in the West.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-67\"><a href=\"#note-67\">67<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a long time Western scholars regarded the work of Tavus as the first Persian Jewish translation of the Pentateuch. Both Asmussen and Netzer, citing Walter J. Fischel, emphasised that it was in fact the culmination of an activity that had been going on for centuries and that continued into the twentieth century, a link in a long chain of Persian Jewish Bible study whose beginnings are unknown.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-68\"><a href=\"#note-68\">68<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-69\"><a href=\"#note-69\">69<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-scholars-of-the-nineteenth-century\">The Scholars of the Nineteenth Century<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The scientific study of Judeo-Persian began in the nineteenth century. Netzer regarded an article of 1829 by Konrad Dietrich Hassler, on a previously unknown direct Persian translation of the books of Solomon, as the first landmark in Judeo-Persian studies, and noted that in 1838 Solomon Munk wrote a brief study of portions of a manuscript in the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France\">Biblioth\u00e8que nationale<\/a> in Paris.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-70\"><a href=\"#note-70\">70<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-71\"><a href=\"#note-71\">71<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-72\"><a href=\"#note-72\">72<\/a><\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Paul_de_Lagarde\">Paul de Lagarde<\/a> produced a comprehensive description of the characteristic elements of Judeo-Persian in his <em>Persische Studien<\/em> of 1884 and argued for its importance, and <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke\">Theodor N\u00f6ldeke<\/a>, Carl Salemann and Paul Horn agreed with him that these texts were important, chiefly for linguistic reasons.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-73\"><a href=\"#note-73\">73<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-74\"><a href=\"#note-74\">74<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-75\"><a href=\"#note-75\">75<\/a><\/sup> Horn made extensive use of the published material for his <em>Neupersische Etymologie<\/em> of 1893.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-76\"><a href=\"#note-76\">76<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wilhelm Bacher (1850\u20131913) was, in Netzer\u2019s words, another significant and extremely prolific contributor, who was able to use hundreds of Judeo-Persian manuscripts purchased by Elkan Nathan Adler (1861\u20131946) in Iran and Central Asia at the end of the nineteenth century and brought to London.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-77\"><a href=\"#note-77\">77<\/a><\/sup> These are now in the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America\">Jewish Theological Seminary of America<\/a> in New York, where, according to Netzer, the manuscripts bought in <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Tehran\">Tehran<\/a> are marked T and those bought in <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Bukhara\">Bukhara<\/a> are marked B.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-78\"><a href=\"#note-78\">78<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-79\"><a href=\"#note-79\">79<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-80\"><a href=\"#note-80\">80<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-81\"><a href=\"#note-81\">81<\/a><\/sup> Asmussen listed the other principal collections of Judeo-Persian Bible manuscripts as those of the Ben-Zvi Institute in Jerusalem, the Klau Library of the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale in Paris, the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/British_Library\">British Library<\/a> and the Royal Library in Copenhagen.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-82\"><a href=\"#note-82\">82<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-83\"><a href=\"#note-83\">83<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-varieties-of-tafsir\">The Varieties of Tafsir<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Netzer explained that the literal meaning of tafsir is interpretation, including translation, or commentary on sacred writings, chiefly the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud. The word is the same as the Arabic term for commentary on the Qur\u02bean.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-84\"><a href=\"#note-84\">84<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-85\"><a href=\"#note-85\">85<\/a><\/sup> The beginnings of tafsir production are obscure, but Netzer supposed on the basis of the surviving texts that the earliest were devoted to the Bible, and he noted that most of their authors remain unknown. General rules probably existed for making them, such as those mentioned in the introduction to the Psalms tafsir of B\u0101b\u0101\u02bei ben Nuri\u02beel.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-86\"><a href=\"#note-86\">86<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Netzer divided the Judeo-Persian tafsirs into five categories. The first is literal translation from Hebrew or Aramaic, which keeps the syntax of the original and so departs from Persian syntax. He saw a certain similarity between this kind of translation and the way Muslim sacred writings in Arabic were rendered into Persian.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-87\"><a href=\"#note-87\">87<\/a><\/sup> The second is literal translation accompanied by brief explanations and synonyms for difficult words. This type became prevalent in recent centuries because of a decline in the understanding of the sacred texts, and in many cases later copyists kept the explanatory synonyms instead of the translated words, so that many manuscripts are of doubtful precision as translations though of interest to linguists.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-88\"><a href=\"#note-88\">88<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The third category consists of paraphrases accompanied by commentaries and homiletic expositions, common in both prose and verse. Netzer noted that the poet \u0160\u0101hin called his own verse tafsir of the Pentateuch and of Esther a <em>\u0161ar\u1e25<\/em>, a commentary.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-89\"><a href=\"#note-89\">89<\/a><\/sup> The fourth comprises works called tafsir whose resemblance to the original is so slight that they can hardly be considered translations, usually renderings of liturgical poems, and the fifth comprises commentaries on words, ideas and verses, including sermons that draw on tales, proverbs and quotations from Persian poetry.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-90\"><a href=\"#note-90\">90<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The purpose of the biblical translations is a question of some importance. Asmussen, following Gilbert Lazard, wrote that biblical Judeo-Persian does not seem to represent a living language, and that the Bible texts were clearly not meant to be read for themselves but served as a help to understanding and memorising the Hebrew text.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-91\"><a href=\"#note-91\">91<\/a><\/sup> Their greatest importance, in his view, lies in their linguistic conservatism in grammar and vocabulary and in their evidence for non-standard early Persian.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-92\"><a href=\"#note-92\">92<\/a><\/sup> This judgment explains both the literalness of many tafsirs and the persistence of archaic forms in manuscripts copied centuries after the translations were first made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-manuscripts-of-the-pentateuch\">The Manuscripts of the Pentateuch<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of the numerous manuscripts of the Pentateuch in Judeo-Persian, a few have been edited and are central to scholarship. One is the manuscript in the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Vatican_Library\">Vatican Library<\/a>, Vat. Pers. 61, which Netzer described as an undated tafsir bought by the Italian traveller Giambattista Vecchietti at L\u0101r in southern F\u0101rs in May 1606.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-93\"><a href=\"#note-93\">93<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-94\"><a href=\"#note-94\">94<\/a><\/sup> Limited linguistic research, Netzer wrote, dates it to no later than the fourteenth century. Ignazio Guidi described it in 1885, Max Seligsohn compared parts of it with the British Library Pentateuch and with the Tavus translation in 1903, and the whole text has been published in transliteration by Herbert H. Paper.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-95\"><a href=\"#note-95\">95<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-96\"><a href=\"#note-96\">96<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most important single manuscript is British Library Or. 5446, which Asmussen called the oldest dated translation.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-97\"><a href=\"#note-97\">97<\/a><\/sup> The British Library\u2019s catalogue describes it as a Judeo-Persian translation of the Pentateuch, written and probably also translated by Joseph ben Moses, imperfect at the beginning and with some lacunae. It has 124 folios measuring 230 by 158 millimetres, written in a Persian Hebrew semi-cursive script of the fourteenth century, and some words have superlinear vocalisation.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-98\"><a href=\"#note-98\">98<\/a><\/sup> The first and last folios are the most damaged, and folio 1r is partly illegible. At the end, on folio 124v, the last two lines are written in gold letters with geometrical ornaments, now mostly oxidised, and there is ink decoration at the beginnings of sections.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-99\"><a href=\"#note-99\">99<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The date of the manuscript is given in its colophon, but the sources read it differently. Netzer wrote that the colophon states that the tafsir was copied by Yosef bar Mosheh on 14 Adar II 1630 of the Seleucid era, which he equated with 6 March 1319.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-100\"><a href=\"#note-100\">100<\/a><\/sup> The colophon as transcribed in the British Library\u2019s catalogue reads \u201c<span lang=\"he\" dir=\"rtl\">\u05d0\u05e8\u05d1\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e2\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d1\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9 \u05d0\u05d3\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e0\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05e3 \u05d5\u05e9\u05e9 \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e9\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea<\/span>\u201d, which is the twenty-fourth day of the second Adar in the year 1630 of the Seleucid era.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-101\"><a href=\"#note-101\">101<\/a><\/sup> The discrepancy between the fourteenth and the twenty-fourth of the month is not discussed in either source, and it is not resolved here. The catalogue also records a note added by a later hand stating that the manuscript was written in the year 5078 of the creation, which corresponds to 1317\u20131318, a different year again.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-102\"><a href=\"#note-102\">102<\/a><\/sup> Tahan described Or 5446 as dated 6 March 1319 and regarded it as the earliest dated Torah text in Judeo-Persian.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-103\"><a href=\"#note-103\">103<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The history of the manuscript in London is documented on its own leaves. An acquisition note on the back flyleaf records that it was bought from Mirza Azzussah on 15 November 1898, and the date of accession, 4 February 1900, is written in pencil in the lower margin of folio 124v.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-104\"><a href=\"#note-104\">104<\/a><\/sup> Netzer described the vendor as a resident of Tehran visiting London.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-105\"><a href=\"#note-105\">105<\/a><\/sup> Seligsohn determined the correct order of its pages, and Paper published the manuscript in 1972.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-106\"><a href=\"#note-106\">106<\/a><\/sup> Paper later re-edited the Vatican and British Library manuscripts together with a manuscript of the Jewish Theological Seminary, Hebrew Union College ms. 2193 and Ben-Zvi Institute ms. 1028 in his <em>Biblia Judaeo-Persica: Editio Variorum<\/em> of 1973.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-107\"><a href=\"#note-107\">107<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other Pentateuch manuscripts show how the tradition continued. Adler B.63 in the Jewish Theological Seminary, acquired by Adler in Bukhara at the end of the nineteenth century, has a text broadly identical with that of the Vatican manuscript, but Netzer described it as not a literal translation but a collection of homilies, commentaries and midrashim. A manuscript bought for the Ben-Zvi Institute in Tehran in 1973, BZI 4559\/1, contains a Pentateuch tafsir copied in 1788 whose language and syntax suggest that it was copied from an older text.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-108\"><a href=\"#note-108\">108<\/a><\/sup> Tahan noted that the British Library also holds a Pentateuch copied at <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Qom\">Qom<\/a> in 1483\u20131484, Or 2451, which includes the calendar of Josiah ben Mevorakh al-\u02bfAq\u016bl\u012b with rules for fixing the Jewish festivals.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-109\"><a href=\"#note-109\">109<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-110\"><a href=\"#note-110\">110<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-prophets-and-the-writings\">The Prophets and the Writings<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the Prophets, Netzer listed a Judeo-Persian commentary on Samuel called <em>\u02bfAmuqot Shemu\u02beel<\/em>, British Library Or. 10482, an old manuscript whose language was studied by Bacher in 1897.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-111\"><a href=\"#note-111\">111<\/a><\/sup> Tahan described it as a compilation of definitions of difficult words in the book of Samuel arranged in the order of the verses, an early work of great lexical importance.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-112\"><a href=\"#note-112\">112<\/a><\/sup> A tafsir of Isaiah in the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale was published by de Lagarde in 1884, together with Jeremiah and the beginning of Ezekiel from manuscripts in the same library, and part of a tafsir of Hosea in the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale, BN 101, was studied by Asmussen in 1975.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-113\"><a href=\"#note-113\">113<\/a><\/sup> Netzer also listed unstudied tafsirs of Joel, Amos, Jonah, Micah, Nahum and Zephaniah in the Ben-Zvi Institute, of which the one on Jonah is probably older than the rest.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-114\"><a href=\"#note-114\">114<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among the Writings, the Psalms were widely read by Persian Jews. Netzer recorded that Vecchietti bought several Psalms tafsirs in <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Shiraz\">Shiraz<\/a> and L\u0101r in 1601, and that one of them was read aloud to a Persian Christian named \u0160ams-al-Din \u1e34onji, who transcribed it in Persian script on 12 May 1601 at Hormoz.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-115\"><a href=\"#note-115\">115<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-116\"><a href=\"#note-116\">116<\/a><\/sup> One of the most important Psalms tafsirs was written in 1740 by B\u0101b\u0101\u02bei ben Nuri\u02beel, a rabbi of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Isfahan\">Isfahan<\/a>, at the command of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Nader_Shah\">Nader Shah<\/a>, with the help of a learned Muslim scholar, Mirz\u0101 Mahdi \u02bfAqili, who is named in the introduction.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-117\"><a href=\"#note-117\">117<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-118\"><a href=\"#note-118\">118<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-119\"><a href=\"#note-119\">119<\/a><\/sup> Ezra Zion Melammed published a critical edition of it in 1968 based on five manuscripts, of which the apparently oldest, copied in 1797 near Isfahan, belonged to his father.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-120\"><a href=\"#note-120\">120<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Netzer\u2019s list of other books gives a sense of the scale of the material. A tafsir of Job published by Paper from an incomplete manuscript without a colophon was, in Paper\u2019s opinion, copied \u201cin the 15th century or earlier\u201d.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-121\"><a href=\"#note-121\">121<\/a><\/sup> The tafsir of the Song of Songs in BN 116, edited by Asmussen and Paper, is dated by linguistic and palaeographic evidence to no later than the fourteenth century.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-122\"><a href=\"#note-122\">122<\/a><\/sup> A tafsir of Ruth in BN 90 was copied at L\u0101r in 1601. The tafsir of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Book_of_Esther\">Esther<\/a>, edited from BN 127 and 116, is accompanied in BN 127 by a calendar whose author states that it begins in the year 1591 of the Seleucid era, 1280 CE.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-123\"><a href=\"#note-123\">123<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-124\"><a href=\"#note-124\">124<\/a><\/sup> Netzer remarked that, like Psalms and Proverbs, the book of Esther held a place of particular importance for Persian Jews because of its connection with their history.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-125\"><a href=\"#note-125\">125<\/a><\/sup> A tafsir of Daniel, edited from BN 128 and 129, includes in BN 128 a work called <em>Qe\u1e63\u1e63a-ye D\u0101ni\u0101l<\/em>, which scholars regard as a tafsir of a lost translation or midrash on Daniel and which some date to about the thirteenth century.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-126\"><a href=\"#note-126\">126<\/a><\/sup> Tahan noted that the British Library\u2019s Or 4743 is the only known complete manuscript of the <em>Daniyal Nameh<\/em>, the story of the biblical Daniel.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-127\"><a href=\"#note-127\">127<\/a><\/sup> The sources do not state whether these two Daniel texts are the same work, and they are kept distinct here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"ornate-card overflow-hidden mb-8\"><picture class=\"article-figure-picture\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Judeo-Persian-Biblical-Manuscripts-reading-in-a-Persian-courtyard-take-1.jpg\" alt=\"The courtyard of a traditional Persian house with a long pool and a pomegranate tree, where a small family group on a veranda listens to a reading from a book.\" class=\"article-figure-img wp-image-1279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Judeo-Persian-Biblical-Manuscripts-reading-in-a-Persian-courtyard-take-1.jpg?v=20261101clean 1280w, https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Judeo-Persian-Biblical-Manuscripts-reading-in-a-Persian-courtyard-take-1-300x169.jpg?v=20261101clean 300w, https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Judeo-Persian-Biblical-Manuscripts-reading-in-a-Persian-courtyard-take-1-1024x576.jpg?v=20261101clean 1024w, https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Judeo-Persian-Biblical-Manuscripts-reading-in-a-Persian-courtyard-take-1-768x432.jpg?v=20261101clean 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Illustration: an imagined reading in the courtyard of a Persian house, of the kind of household for which Judeo-Persian books were copied.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hin-and-the-biblical-epics\">\u0160\u0101hin and the Biblical Epics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the fourteenth century Judeo-Persian biblical literature took a new form in verse. Netzer described \u0160\u0101hin as arguably the most important and, as far as is known, the earliest of the Jewish Persian poets. He is dated to the fourteenth century, but nothing is known of his life and even his real name is unknown, \u0160\u0101hin, \u201chawk\u201d, being presumably a pen name.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-128\"><a href=\"#note-128\">128<\/a><\/sup> Bacher stated that he lived in Shiraz, but Netzer noted that scholars are divided on this point, and Carmeli refers to him as Mowl\u0101n\u0101 Sh\u0101h\u012bn-i Sh\u012br\u0101z\u012b.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-129\"><a href=\"#note-129\">129<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-130\"><a href=\"#note-130\">130<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160\u0101hin\u2019s first work, the <em>Mus\u0101-n\u0101ma<\/em>, the Book of Moses, rendered the last four books of the Pentateuch in 1327. According to Netzer it comprises about ten thousand verses and is not a literal translation but incorporates legends from Jewish midrashim and from non-Jewish traditions. It opens with praises of God, Moses and the prophets and includes a section glorifying the ruler of the time, Sultan <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Abu_Sa'id_Bahadur_Khan\">Abu Sa\u02bfid<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ilkhanate\">Ilkhanate<\/a>, who reigned from 1317 to 1335.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-131\"><a href=\"#note-131\">131<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-132\"><a href=\"#note-132\">132<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-133\"><a href=\"#note-133\">133<\/a><\/sup> About six years later \u0160\u0101hin produced a work on the books of Esther and Ezra, which scholars have usually treated as two works, the <em>Arda\u0161ir-n\u0101ma<\/em> and the <em>\u02bfEzr\u0101-n\u0101ma<\/em>, but which Netzer argued was intended as a single poem in two sections. The <em>\u02bfEzr\u0101-n\u0101ma<\/em> gives the date of completion as the middle of \u0160aww\u0101l 733, early July 1333.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-134\"><a href=\"#note-134\">134<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>Arda\u0161ir-n\u0101ma<\/em> tells in about six thousand verses the story of Esther and King Arda\u0161ir, identified with Ahasuerus, together with a love story concerning Arda\u0161ir\u2019s son by Vashti and a Chinese princess, in scenes that Netzer compared to the world of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ferdowsi\">Ferdowsi<\/a>\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Shahnameh\">Shahnameh<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-135\"><a href=\"#note-135\">135<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-136\"><a href=\"#note-136\">136<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-137\"><a href=\"#note-137\">137<\/a><\/sup> The shorter <em>\u02bfEzr\u0101-n\u0101ma<\/em>, of about five hundred verses, describes the life and death of \u201cCyrus ben Esther\u201d and his meetings with Ezra, Haggai, Zechariah and Mordecai, and ends with the deaths of Mordecai and Esther at <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Hamadan\">Hamadan<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-138\"><a href=\"#note-138\">138<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-139\"><a href=\"#note-139\">139<\/a><\/sup> The last work, the <em>Bere\u0161it-n\u0101ma<\/em>, completed in 1359 in about nine thousand verses, paraphrases Genesis and so completes \u0160\u0101hin\u2019s rendering of the whole Pentateuch.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-140\"><a href=\"#note-140\">140<\/a><\/sup> Netzer stressed that \u0160\u0101hin did not rely on biblical sources alone, drawing many episodes from midrashim and from the Muslim tradition of the stories of the prophets, the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Qisas_al-Anbiya\">Qisas al-Anbiya<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-141\"><a href=\"#note-141\">141<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-142\"><a href=\"#note-142\">142<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160\u0101hin\u2019s successor \u02bfEmr\u0101ni, born at Isfahan in 1454 and died at <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Kashan\">Kashan<\/a> after 1536, tried to continue this enterprise.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-143\"><a href=\"#note-143\">143<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-144\"><a href=\"#note-144\">144<\/a><\/sup> His <em>Fat\u1e25-n\u0101ma<\/em>, the Book of Conquest, which Carmeli dates to about 1474, recounts in verse the main events of Joshua, Judges, Ruth and Samuel.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-145\"><a href=\"#note-145\">145<\/a><\/sup> Netzer also recorded that \u02bfEmr\u0101ni composed in 1536 a verse paraphrase of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Pirkei_Avot\">Pirkei Avot<\/a> called <em>Ganj-n\u0101ma<\/em>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-146\"><a href=\"#note-146\">146<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-147\"><a href=\"#note-147\">147<\/a><\/sup> These poems are not translations of the Bible in the strict sense, but they belong to the same tradition of making Scripture accessible in Persian, and Netzer classed \u0160\u0101hin\u2019s work among the tafsirs of the paraphrastic type.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-148\"><a href=\"#note-148\">148<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"illustrated-manuscripts\">Illustrated Manuscripts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A small number of Judeo-Persian manuscripts are illustrated. Carmeli stated in 2016 that only thirteen illustrated Judeo-Persian manuscripts had been discovered, divided between Hebrew transliterations of Persian poetry, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Jami\">Jami<\/a>\u2019s <em>Yusof va Zoley\u1e35\u0101<\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Nizami_Ganjavi\">Nizami<\/a>\u2019s <em><a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Khosrow_and_Shirin\">Khosrow and Shirin<\/a><\/em>, and original works by Jewish Persian poets.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-149\"><a href=\"#note-149\">149<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-150\"><a href=\"#note-150\">150<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-151\"><a href=\"#note-151\">151<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-152\"><a href=\"#note-152\">152<\/a><\/sup> Because they lack colophons giving date or place, and because there is little comparative Jewish material, they are difficult to evaluate, but stylistically the miniatures appear to be provincial products of the late <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Safavid_Iran\">Safavid<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Qajar_Iran\">Qajar<\/a> periods.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-153\"><a href=\"#note-153\">153<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-154\"><a href=\"#note-154\">154<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-155\"><a href=\"#note-155\">155<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two illustrated copies of the <em>Arda\u0161ir-n\u0101ma<\/em> are known. Carmeli described the first, JTS 40919 [8270] in the Jewish Theological Seminary, as a complete copy of 164 folios with thirty-three miniatures, and the second, Or.Qu.1680 in the Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin, as a complete copy of 203 folios with twenty-four miniatures. Both are dated on stylistic grounds to the second half of the seventeenth century.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-156\"><a href=\"#note-156\">156<\/a><\/sup> A miniature found only in the New York manuscript depicts Esther giving birth to Cyrus, a scene that follows from \u0160\u0101hin\u2019s making Esther the mother of Cyrus, the king who allowed the Jews to return from Babylonia.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-157\"><a href=\"#note-157\">157<\/a><\/sup> Carmeli observed that the details of the birth are described neither in the midrash nor in \u0160\u0101hin\u2019s text.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-158\"><a href=\"#note-158\">158<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The only illustrated Judeo-Persian manuscript with a colophon is a copy of the <em>Mus\u0101-n\u0101ma<\/em> in the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Israel_Museum\">Israel Museum<\/a>, IMJ 180.54, a complete copy of 262 folios with nineteen miniatures, copied in 1686 by Nehemiah ben Amshal of <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Tabriz\">Tabriz<\/a>.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-159\"><a href=\"#note-159\">159<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-160\"><a href=\"#note-160\">160<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-161\"><a href=\"#note-161\">161<\/a><\/sup> Throughout its illustrations Moses is shown with a halo of golden flames rising from his shoulders, in the manner of Islamic depictions of prophets, and one miniature shows his mother hiding him in a flaming oven, a story that Carmeli traced to the Muslim <em>Stories of the Prophets<\/em> written by al-Tha\u02bf\u0101lib\u012b in the eleventh century rather than to Jewish sources.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-162\"><a href=\"#note-162\">162<\/a><\/sup> Two illustrated copies of \u02bfEmr\u0101ni\u2019s <em>Fat\u1e25-n\u0101ma<\/em> are also known: BZI 4602 in the Ben-Zvi Institute, incomplete, of 291 folios with twenty-three miniatures, dated stylistically to the second half of the seventeenth century, and British Library Or. 13704, also incomplete, of 335 folios with seven miniatures, dated to the first half of the eighteenth century.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-163\"><a href=\"#note-163\">163<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Carmeli emphasised that, while the scribes of these manuscripts were undoubtedly Jewish, there is no evidence of the identity of the painters, and no visual or textual evidence has yet established that Jews in Iran practised miniature painting.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-164\"><a href=\"#note-164\">164<\/a><\/sup> The closest artistic medium known to have been used by Iranian Jews was the decoration of the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ketubah\">ketubbah<\/a>, the marriage contract, though it is not known when this custom began among them.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-165\"><a href=\"#note-165\">165<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-166\"><a href=\"#note-166\">166<\/a><\/sup> Tahan likewise noted that the British Library\u2019s illustrated Judeo-Persian manuscripts lack colophons, so that the identities of the artists remain unknown. Besides Or 13704 she described Or 4730, an incomplete eighteenth-century copy of Nizami\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Haft_Peykar\">Haft Peykar<\/a> in a neat Persian Hebrew semi-cursive script with thirteen illustrations.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-167\"><a href=\"#note-167\">167<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-168\"><a href=\"#note-168\">168<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"talmud-midrash-and-the-wider-library\">Talmud, Midrash and the Wider Library<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The biblical tafsirs were part of a larger body of translated religious literature, and Netzer\u2019s survey shows what was and was not translated. Only small sections of the Babylonian or Jerusalem Talmud are known in Judeo-Persian. Netzer suggested two reasons. The Talmud was the domain of the learned elite, for whom no translation was thought necessary, as dictionaries compiled by Persian Jews with explanations of difficult Talmudic words indicate, and in recent centuries the number of students with Talmudic expertise declined while attention turned to the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Zohar\">Zohar<\/a> and to kabbalistic study.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-169\"><a href=\"#note-169\">169<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-170\"><a href=\"#note-170\">170<\/a><\/sup> The contrast with the Bible is instructive. The Bible, read in the synagogue and studied by a wider public, needed a Persian aid to understanding, whereas the Talmud, studied by a smaller circle, did not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The tractate <em>Pirkei Avot<\/em>, by contrast, suited the outlook of Persian Jews through its moral and homiletic character and was translated by various authors. Netzer named Rabbi Ya\u02bfqov Paltiel of Rasht in the mid-nineteenth century and Rabbi Sim\u0101n-\u1e6cov Melammed, and recorded that Shim\u02bfon \u1e24\u0101kh\u0101m, in his tafsir published in 1907, stated that it \u201cwould be studied in the cities of Bukhara and its districts on the Sabbaths between Passover\u201d and the autumn festivals. He noted that the Ben-Zvi Institute holds more than thirty manuscripts of <em>Pirkei Avot<\/em>, mostly tafsirs.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-171\"><a href=\"#note-171\">171<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Persian Jews were also much interested in <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Midrash\">midrash<\/a>, which entered not only the biblical tafsirs, prayers, sermons and prose stories but also verse, as in the poetry of \u0160\u0101hin and \u02bfEmr\u0101ni.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-172\"><a href=\"#note-172\">172<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-173\"><a href=\"#note-173\">173<\/a><\/sup> Among the manuscripts bought by Adler and now in New York, Netzer singled out the <em>Midrash Leqa\u1e25 \u1e6cov<\/em> of Rabbi \u1e6cuviah ben El\u02bfazar, an anthology of midrashim on the Pentateuch and the Five Scrolls compiled in the twelfth century, of which the sections on Genesis and Exodus are in MS B.5 and the continuation in MS T.76.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-174\"><a href=\"#note-174\">174<\/a><\/sup> The presence of such works alongside the biblical tafsirs shows that the Judeo-Persian Bible was read within the same interpretive tradition as the rest of rabbinic literature, and this explains why many tafsirs pass so readily from translation into commentary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-nineteenth-and-twentieth-centuries\">The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The tradition of Judeo-Persian Bible translation did not end with the manuscript age. Netzer recorded that the Jews of Central Asia were pioneers in printing Judeo-Persian books, most of them printed in Jerusalem, and that Shim\u02bfon \u1e24\u0101kh\u0101m, born in Bukhara in 1843 and died in Jerusalem in 1910, was the most prominent early figure in printing and editing Judeo-Persian manuscripts.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-175\"><a href=\"#note-175\">175<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-176\"><a href=\"#note-176\">176<\/a><\/sup> Asmussen described the new translations made by \u1e24\u0101kh\u0101m and his circle in Jerusalem as Judeo-Persian or rather Judeo-Tajik, and listed his editions of the Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and the Song of Songs.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-177\"><a href=\"#note-177\">177<\/a><\/sup> All of \u0160\u0101hin\u2019s works were published in Jerusalem by \u1e24\u0101kh\u0101m, though Netzer noted that the printed text of the commentary on Esther is incomplete.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-178\"><a href=\"#note-178\">178<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Christian missionary publishing also used the Hebrew script for Persian. Asmussen recorded that from 1900 the <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society\">British and Foreign Bible Society<\/a> published the Persian translation of the Old and New Testaments by Robert Bruce, transcribed into Hebrew letters by M\u012brz\u0101 N\u016br-All\u0101h and M\u012brz\u0101 \u1e34od\u0101d\u0101d.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-179\"><a href=\"#note-179\">179<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-180\"><a href=\"#note-180\">180<\/a><\/sup> Netzer described M\u012brz\u0101 Nur-All\u0101h ben \u1e24akim Mosheh as a baptised Jew engaged in missionary activity among Persian Jews, and stated that his Hebrew-letter edition of Bruce\u2019s Persian Psalms was published in London by the same society in 1895.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-181\"><a href=\"#note-181\">181<\/a><\/sup> The two sources thus give different starting dates, 1895 for the Psalms and 1900 for the wider series, which are not necessarily in conflict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-significance-of-the-manuscripts\">The Significance of the Manuscripts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Judeo-Persian biblical manuscripts matter in several fields at once. For the history of the Persian language, the oldest of them, together with the inscriptions and letters of the eighth century, are among the earliest evidence for New Persian, and the biblical translations preserve archaic grammar and vocabulary that disappeared from the literary language.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-182\"><a href=\"#note-182\">182<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-183\"><a href=\"#note-183\">183<\/a><\/sup> For Jewish history they document the learning of communities in Iran and Central Asia over a thousand years, from the Karaite exegetes of the eleventh and twelfth centuries studied by Haim to the printers of Bukhara and Jerusalem in the nineteenth.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-184\"><a href=\"#note-184\">184<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-185\"><a href=\"#note-185\">185<\/a><\/sup> For the history of the Bible in translation they show that a Jewish community in the Islamic world produced, over many centuries, a tradition of vernacular versions comparable in purpose to the Aramaic Targum and the Judeo-Arabic version of Saadia, with which the Tavus Pentateuch was printed in 1546.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-186\"><a href=\"#note-186\">186<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-187\"><a href=\"#note-187\">187<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Much remains uncertain. Many manuscripts, as Netzer\u2019s survey repeatedly notes, have not been studied or edited, and the dates of several important texts rest on linguistic and palaeographic judgment rather than colophons.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-188\"><a href=\"#note-188\">188<\/a><\/sup> The sources differ on details as basic as the day in the colophon of the oldest dated Pentateuch and the year in which the Dand\u0101n Uiliq letter was found.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-189\"><a href=\"#note-189\">189<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-190\"><a href=\"#note-190\">190<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-191\"><a href=\"#note-191\">191<\/a><\/sup> The British Library\u2019s programme of digitisation, which by 2018 had made thirty-four of its Judeo-Persian manuscripts available online, has made the study of these questions easier than at any time since the manuscripts reached Europe.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-192\"><a href=\"#note-192\">192<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"further-study\">Further Study<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The surveys by Asmussen on Judeo-Persian Bible translations and by Netzer on Judeo-Persian literature in the <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em> give the fullest lists of manuscripts and editions, with extensive bibliographies.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-193\"><a href=\"#note-193\">193<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-194\"><a href=\"#note-194\">194<\/a><\/sup> The British Library\u2019s catalogue record for Or 5446 transcribes its colophon and later notes, and Tahan\u2019s description of the Library\u2019s collection introduces its other important items.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-195\"><a href=\"#note-195\">195<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-196\"><a href=\"#note-196\">196<\/a><\/sup> Carmeli\u2019s article in <em>Iran Namag<\/em> is a guide to the illustrated manuscripts, and Haim\u2019s article on the early manuscripts in London and St Petersburg presents current research on their Karaite background.<sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-197\"><a href=\"#note-197\">197<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"fn-ref\" id=\"ref-198\"><a href=\"#note-198\">198<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"notes\">Notes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list post-notes\">\n\n<li id=\"note-1\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-1\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 1\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-2\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Judeo-Persian\">Judeo-Persian<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-2\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 2\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-3\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-3\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 3\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-4\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-4\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 4\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-5\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/New_Persian\">New Persian<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-5\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 5\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-6\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-6\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 6\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-7\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-7\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 7\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-8\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Persian_language\">Persian language<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-8\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 8\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-9\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-9\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 9\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-10\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Central_Asia\">Central Asia<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-10\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 10\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-11\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-11\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 11\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-12\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-12\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 12\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-13\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-13\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 13\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-14\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Babylonian_captivity\">Babylonian captivity<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-14\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 14\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-15\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Nebuchadnezzar_II\">Nebuchadnezzar II<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-15\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 15\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-16\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Cyrus_the_Great\">Cyrus the Great<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-16\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 16\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-17\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Cyrus_Cylinder\">Cyrus Cylinder<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-17\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 17\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-18\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-18\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 18\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-19\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-19\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 19\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-20\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Sasanian_Empire\">Sasanian Empire<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-20\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 20\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-21\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-21\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 21\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-22\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Afghanistan\">Afghanistan<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-22\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 22\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-23\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-23\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 23\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-24\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Herat\">Herat<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-24\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 24\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-25\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ghor_Province\">Ghor Province<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-25\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 25\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-26\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-26\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 26\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-27\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Seleucid_era\">Seleucid era<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-27\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 27\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-28\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-28\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 28\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-29\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-29\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 29\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-30\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Aurel_Stein\">Aurel Stein<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-30\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 30\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-31\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-31\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 31\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-32\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-32\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 32\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-33\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-33\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 33\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-34\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Kollam\">Kollam<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-34\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 34\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-35\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-35\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 35\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-36\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Karaite_Judaism\">Karaite Judaism<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-36\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 36\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-37\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Cairo_Geniza\">Cairo Geniza<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-37\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 37\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-38\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-38\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 38\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-39\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Minaret_of_Jam\">Minaret of Jam<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-39\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 39\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-40\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-40\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 40\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-41\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/theology-of-the-genizah-ben-ezra-synagogue\/\">The Cairo Genizah \u2013 The Sacred Chamber of Ben Ezra<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-41\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 41\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-42\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-42\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 42\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-43\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-43\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 43\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-44\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-44\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 44\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-45\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-45\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 45\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-46\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-46\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 46\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-47\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-47\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 47\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-48\">Ofir Haim, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/ihiw\/9\/1-2\/article-p29_2.xml\">The Early Judeo-Persian Manuscripts in the British Library and in the National Library of Russia<\/a>\u201d, <em>Intellectual History of the Islamicate World<\/em> 9 (2021), pp. 29\u201361, abstract. <a href=\"#ref-48\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 48\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-49\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/National_Library_of_Russia\">National Library of Russia<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-49\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 49\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-50\">Ofir Haim, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/ihiw\/9\/1-2\/article-p29_2.xml\">The Early Judeo-Persian Manuscripts in the British Library and in the National Library of Russia<\/a>\u201d, <em>Intellectual History of the Islamicate World<\/em> 9 (2021), pp. 29\u201361, abstract. <a href=\"#ref-50\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 50\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-51\">Ofir Haim, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/ihiw\/9\/1-2\/article-p29_2.xml\">The Early Judeo-Persian Manuscripts in the British Library and in the National Library of Russia<\/a>\u201d, <em>Intellectual History of the Islamicate World<\/em> 9 (2021), pp. 29\u201361, abstract. <a href=\"#ref-51\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 51\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-52\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-52\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 52\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-53\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-53\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 53\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-54\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-54\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 54\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-55\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-55\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 55\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-56\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-56\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 56\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-57\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Constantinople\">Constantinople<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-57\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 57\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-58\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Targum_Onkelos\">Targum Onkelos<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-58\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 58\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-59\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Saadia_Gaon\">Saadia Gaon<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-59\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 59\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-60\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/the-soncino-family\/\">The Soncino Dynasty<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-60\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 60\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-61\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/targum-onkelos-and-the-birth-of-aramaic-scripture\/\">Targum Onkelos and the Birth of Aramaic Scripture<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-61\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 61\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-62\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-62\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 62\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-63\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-63\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 63\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-64\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-64\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 64\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-65\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/the-antwerp-paris-and-london-polyglots\/\">The Antwerp, Paris and London Polyglots<\/a>\u201d, <em>Masoretes Online<\/em>. <a href=\"#ref-65\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 65\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-66\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-66\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 66\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-67\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-67\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 67\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-68\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-68\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 68\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-69\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-69\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 69\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-70\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-70\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 70\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-71\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-71\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 71\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-72\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France\">Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-72\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 72\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-73\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-73\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 73\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-74\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Paul_de_Lagarde\">Paul de Lagarde<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-74\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 74\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-75\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke\">Theodor N\u00f6ldeke<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-75\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 75\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-76\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-76\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 76\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-77\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-77\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 77\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-78\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-78\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 78\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-79\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America\">Jewish Theological Seminary of America<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-79\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 79\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-80\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Tehran\">Tehran<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-80\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 80\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-81\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Bukhara\">Bukhara<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-81\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 81\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-82\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-82\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 82\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-83\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/British_Library\">British Library<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-83\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 83\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-84\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-84\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 84\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-85\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Tafsir\">Tafsir<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-85\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 85\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-86\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-86\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 86\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-87\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-87\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 87\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-88\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-88\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 88\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-89\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-89\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 89\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-90\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-90\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 90\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-91\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-91\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 91\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-92\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-92\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 92\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-93\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-93\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 93\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-94\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Vatican_Library\">Vatican Library<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-94\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 94\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-95\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-95\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 95\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-96\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-96\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 96\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-97\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-97\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 97\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-98\">British Library, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/searcharchives.bl.uk\/catalog\/032-003384430\">Or 5446: Pentateuch in Judeo-Persian<\/a>\u201d, Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue. <a href=\"#ref-98\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 98\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-99\">British Library, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/searcharchives.bl.uk\/catalog\/032-003384430\">Or 5446: Pentateuch in Judeo-Persian<\/a>\u201d, Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue. <a href=\"#ref-99\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 99\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-100\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-100\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 100\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-101\">British Library, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/searcharchives.bl.uk\/catalog\/032-003384430\">Or 5446: Pentateuch in Judeo-Persian<\/a>\u201d, Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue. <a href=\"#ref-101\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 101\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-102\">British Library, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/searcharchives.bl.uk\/catalog\/032-003384430\">Or 5446: Pentateuch in Judeo-Persian<\/a>\u201d, Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue. <a href=\"#ref-102\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 102\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-103\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-103\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 103\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-104\">British Library, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/searcharchives.bl.uk\/catalog\/032-003384430\">Or 5446: Pentateuch in Judeo-Persian<\/a>\u201d, Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue. <a href=\"#ref-104\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 104\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-105\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-105\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 105\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-106\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-106\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 106\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-107\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-107\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 107\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-108\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-108\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 108\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-109\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-109\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 109\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-110\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Qom\">Qom<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-110\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 110\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-111\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-111\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 111\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-112\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-112\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 112\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-113\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-113\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 113\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-114\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-114\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 114\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-115\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-115\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 115\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-116\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Shiraz\">Shiraz<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-116\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 116\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-117\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-117\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 117\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-118\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Isfahan\">Isfahan<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-118\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 118\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-119\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Nader_Shah\">Nader Shah<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-119\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 119\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-120\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-120\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 120\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-121\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-121\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 121\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-122\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-122\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 122\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-123\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-123\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 123\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-124\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Book_of_Esther\">Book of Esther<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-124\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 124\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-125\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-125\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 125\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-126\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-126\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 126\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-127\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-127\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 127\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-128\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-128\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 128\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-129\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-129\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 129\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-130\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-130\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 130\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-131\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-131\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 131\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-132\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Abu_Sa'id_Bahadur_Khan\">Abu Sa&#8217;id Bahadur Khan<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-132\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 132\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-133\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ilkhanate\">Ilkhanate<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-133\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 133\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-134\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-134\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 134\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-135\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-135\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 135\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-136\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ferdowsi\">Ferdowsi<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-136\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 136\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-137\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Shahnameh\">Shahnameh<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-137\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 137\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-138\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-138\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 138\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-139\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Hamadan\">Hamadan<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-139\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 139\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-140\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-140\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 140\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-141\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-141\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 141\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-142\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Qisas_al-Anbiya\">Qisas al-Anbiya<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-142\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 142\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-143\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-143\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 143\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-144\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Kashan\">Kashan<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-144\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 144\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-145\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-145\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 145\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-146\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-146\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 146\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-147\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Pirkei_Avot\">Pirkei Avot<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-147\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 147\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-148\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-148\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 148\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-149\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-149\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 149\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-150\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Jami\">Jami<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-150\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 150\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-151\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Nizami_Ganjavi\">Nizami Ganjavi<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-151\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 151\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-152\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Khosrow_and_Shirin\">Khosrow and Shirin<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-152\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 152\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-153\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-153\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 153\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-154\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Safavid_Iran\">Safavid Iran<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-154\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 154\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-155\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Qajar_Iran\">Qajar Iran<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-155\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 155\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-156\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-156\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 156\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-157\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-157\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 157\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-158\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-158\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 158\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-159\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-159\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 159\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-160\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Israel_Museum\">Israel Museum<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-160\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 160\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-161\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Tabriz\">Tabriz<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-161\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 161\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-162\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-162\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 162\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-163\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-163\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 163\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-164\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-164\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 164\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-165\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-165\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 165\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-166\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Ketubah\">Ketubah<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-166\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 166\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-167\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-167\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 167\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-168\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Haft_Peykar\">Haft Peykar<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-168\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 168\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-169\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-169\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 169\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-170\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Zohar\">Zohar<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-170\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 170\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-171\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-171\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 171\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-172\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-172\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 172\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-173\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Midrash\">Midrash<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-173\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 173\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-174\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-174\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 174\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-175\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-175\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 175\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-176\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Bukharan_Jews\">Bukharan Jews<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-176\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 176\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-177\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-177\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 177\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-178\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-178\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 178\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-179\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-179\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 179\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-180\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society\">British and Foreign Bible Society<\/a>\u201d. <a href=\"#ref-180\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 180\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-181\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-181\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 181\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-182\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-182\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 182\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-183\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-183\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 183\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-184\">Ofir Haim, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/ihiw\/9\/1-2\/article-p29_2.xml\">The Early Judeo-Persian Manuscripts in the British Library and in the National Library of Russia<\/a>\u201d, <em>Intellectual History of the Islamicate World<\/em> 9 (2021), pp. 29\u201361, abstract. <a href=\"#ref-184\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 184\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-185\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-185\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 185\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-186\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-186\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 186\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-187\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-187\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 187\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-188\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-188\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 188\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-189\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-189\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 189\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-190\">British Library, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/searcharchives.bl.uk\/catalog\/032-003384430\">Or 5446: Pentateuch in Judeo-Persian<\/a>\u201d, Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue. <a href=\"#ref-190\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 190\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-191\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-191\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 191\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-192\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-192\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 192\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-193\">Jes P. Asmussen, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/bible-vi\/\">Bible vi. Judeo-Persian Translations<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. IV, fasc. 2 (1989), pp. 208\u2013209. <a href=\"#ref-193\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 193\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-194\">Amnon Netzer, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/judeo-persian-ix-judeo-persian-literature\/\">Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran ix. Judeo-Persian Literature<\/a>\u201d, <em>Encyclopaedia Iranica<\/em>, vol. XV, fasc. 1 (2009), pp. 139\u2013156. <a href=\"#ref-194\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 194\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-195\">British Library, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/searcharchives.bl.uk\/catalog\/032-003384430\">Or 5446: Pentateuch in Judeo-Persian<\/a>\u201d, Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue. <a href=\"#ref-195\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 195\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-196\">Ilana Tahan, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bl.iro.bl.uk\/entities\/publication\/0bd85c22-a950-4081-8f75-91d03832bfff\">The Judeo-Persian manuscript collection in the British Library<\/a>\u201d, British Library Asian and African Studies blog, 5 November 2018, archived copy in the British Library research repository. <a href=\"#ref-196\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 196\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-197\">Orit Carmeli, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irannamag.com\/en\/article\/4598\/\">Illuminated Judeo-Persian Manuscripts<\/a>\u201d, <em>Iran Namag<\/em> 1, no. 2 (Summer 2016). <a href=\"#ref-197\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 197\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li id=\"note-198\">Ofir Haim, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/ihiw\/9\/1-2\/article-p29_2.xml\">The Early Judeo-Persian Manuscripts in the British Library and in the National Library of Russia<\/a>\u201d, <em>Intellectual History of the Islamicate World<\/em> 9 (2021), pp. 29\u201361, abstract. <a href=\"#ref-198\" aria-label=\"Return to citation 198\">*<\/a><\/li>\n\n<\/ol>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From eighth-century inscriptions in Afghanistan to the Pentateuch copied by Joseph ben Moses in 1319 and the verse epics of \u0160\u0101hin, Persian written in Hebrew letters carried a thousand-year tradition of Bible translation among the Jews of Iran and Central Asia.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1277,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[953,949,955,120,948,896,952,954,951,573,950],"class_list":["post-1280","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-text-transmission","tag-ardasir-nama","tag-british-library-or-5446","tag-bukhara","tag-cairo-geniza","tag-judeo-persian","tag-karaites","tag-musa-nama","tag-persian-jews","tag-sahin","tag-tafsir","tag-tavus-pentateuch"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1280","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1280"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1280\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1662,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1280\/revisions\/1662"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1277"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1280"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1280"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masoretes.online\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1280"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}